Table 2.
Complications in PALF
| Organ system | Complications |
|---|---|
| Central nervous system | - Hepatic encephalopathy |
| - Cerebral edema | |
| - Intracranial hypertension | |
| Cardiovascular | - Hypotension secondary to intravascular volume depletion |
| - Volume-refractory hyperdynamic circulatory failure | |
| Respiratory | - Acute respiratory failure |
| - Pulmonary edema | |
| - Pulmonary hemorrhage | |
| - Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | |
| - Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation-associated complications | |
| Renal | - Acute kidney injury (AKI) |
| - Hepatorenal syndrome | |
| Adrenal | - Relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) |
| - Hepatoadrenal syndrome | |
| Hematological | - Coagulopathy not corrected by Vitamin K administration |
| - Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) | |
| Gastrointestinal | - Gastrointestinal bleeding |
| Infectious | - Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) |
| - Pulmonary, urinary, and hematologic infections with bacteria such as staphylococci, streptococci, and enteric gram-negative bacteria | |
| Fluid, electrolytes, and nutrition | - Hypoglycemia |
| - Hyperammonemia | |
| - Intravascular volume depletion | |
| - Alkalosis and acidosis | |
| - Hyponatremia | |
| - Hypokalemia | |
| - Hypophosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia | |
| - Catabolic state with negative nitrogen balance and increased energy expenditure |