Table 1.
Evaluation of ZIKV in breastfeeding mother-infant pairs
| Author | Case # | Timing of transmission | Country of report | Age of mother (years) | Mother—clinical presentation and timing of symptom onset | Mother—ZIKV test results | Breast milk—ZIKV test results | Breastfeeding activity | Infant—ZIKV test results | Infant—clinical presentation and timing of symptom onset |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Besnard M et al. [26•] | 1 | December 2013 | French Polynesia | Early 30s | Pruritic rash, started 2 days before delivery and lasted for 4 days | Blood and saliva RT-PCR (+) on day 2 of infant’s life | RT-PCR (+), cell culture (−) on day 3 of infant’s life | Started on day of delivery | Blood and saliva RT-PCR (+) on day 3 of life | Asymptomatic |
| 2 | February 2014 | French Polynesia | Early 40s | Pruritic rash, fever and myalgia, started 3 days after delivery | Blood RT-PCR (+) on day 1 of infant’s life | RT-PCR (+), cell culture (−) on day 8 of infant’s life | Started on day of delivery | Blood RT-PCR (−) at birth/day 3 of life, and (+) on day 4 of life | Rash, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and subclinical hepatitisa | |
| Dupont-Rouzeyrol et al. [27] | 3 | July 2015 | New Caledonia | 27 | Fever and subsequent rash started on day of delivery | Blood RT-PCR (+) on day 3 of infant’s life | RT-PCR (+), cell culture (+) on day 4 of infant’s life | Started on day of delivery | Blood RT-PCR indeterminate | Asymptomatic |
| Cavalcanti MG et al. [28] | 4 | NA | Brazil | 33 | Fever, malaise, rash (appeared on day 2 of illness) when infant aged 11 months | Blood and urine RT-PCR (+) on day 4 of illness | RT-PCR (+), cell culture (+) on day 4 of illness | Breastfeeding held for 7 days when rash appeared | Urine RT-PCR (−) | Asymptomatic |
| 5 | NA | Brazil | 42 | Fever, retro-ocular pain, conjunctival injection, rash, arthralgia when infant aged 2–3 months | Blood RT-PCR (−), Urine RT-PCR (+) | RT-PCR (−) | Breastfeeding throughout maternal illness | Not tested | Asymptomatic | |
| 6 | NA | Brazil | 28 | Fever, conjunctival injection, rash, arthralgia when infant aged 10–11 months | Blood and urine RT-PCR (+) | RT-PCR (−) | Breastfeeding throughout maternal illness | Blood RT-PCR (−) | b | |
| 7 | NA | Brazil | 33 | Rash, arthralgia when pregnant (28 weeks) | Blood and urine RT-PCR (+), urine PCR remained (+) for 30 days | RT-PCR (−) | Breastfed for 4 months after birthc | Blood and urine RT-PCR (−), IgM anti-ZIKV (−) | Asymptomatic, no evidence of congenital disease | |
| Sotelo JR et al. [29] | 8 | February 2016 | Brazil | 28 | Fever, myalgia, arthralgia when pregnant (36 weeks), 2 weeks before delivery | Blood RT-PCR (+) | RT-PCR (+), cell culture (+) on day 9 of infant’s life | Breastfeeding avoided | Placental tissue, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, and urine RT-PCR (−) | Asymptomatic |
| Blohm GM, et al. [30••] | 9 | March 2016 | Venezuela | ? | Illnessd when infant aged 5 months | Blood and urine RT-PCR (+) | RT-PCR (+), cell culture (+), full genome sequencing showed >99% identity with maternal strain | Exclusively breastfed | Blood and urine RT-PCR (+) (samples obtained 3 days after mother developed illness) | Asymptomatic |
NA not available
aLeukopenia 4.6 × 109 cells/L, thrombocytopenia: nadir 65 × 109/ml on day 4 of life, alanine aminotransferase: maximum level 150 U/L at 2 months of age
bChild had an illness with fever and rash [Chikungunya RT-PCR (+)], timing in relation to the maternal illness not specified in the publication
cPublication did not specify when baby in relation of maternal illness was born
dSymptoms of maternal illness not specified in publication