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. 2020 Feb 21;58(3):155–168. doi: 10.1016/j.resinv.2019.12.005

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

A–D: The time course of HCoV-229E release into ASL from HNE cells pretreated with glycopyrronium (HCoV + GLP) (A, closed circles), formoterol (HCoV + FRM) (B, closed triangles), budesonide (HCoV + BUD) (C, open triangles), a combination of glycopyrronium, formoterol and budesonide (HCoV + GFB) (D, closed squares), or vehicle (HCoV) (open circles, 0.001% dimethyl sulfoxide: DMSO) at different times after viral infection. The viral titers are expressed as the log10 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose)/mL. E: Viral titers in ASL collected between 24 h and 72 h after infection of HNE cells pretreated with glycopyrronium (GLP), formoterol (FRM), the selective β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI 118,551 (1 μM) plus formoterol (100 nM) (ICI + FRM), budesonide (BUD), a combination of these three drugs (GFB), the CD13 inhibitor 2′2′-dipyridyl (2.5 mM) (DIP), or vehicle (Veh). The cells were pretreated with drugs starting at 72 h before infection and lasting until the end of the experiments. The cells were pretreated with 2′2′-dipyridyl starting at 1 h before infection. F: The time course of HCoV-229E RNA replication in HNE cells measured at different times after infection. G: HCoV-229E RNA replication in HNE cells pretreated with glycopyrronium (GLP), formoterol (FRM), ICI 118,551 plus formoterol (ICI + FRM), budesonide (BUD), a combination of the three drugs (GFB), or vehicle (Veh) at 72 h after infection. H: The minimum dose of virus necessary to cause infection in HNE cells treated with glycopyrronium (GLP), formoterol (FRM), ICI 118,551 plus formoterol (ICI + FRM), budesonide (BUD), a combination of the three drugs (GFB), or vehicle (Veh). A-H: The concentrations of glycopyrronium, formoterol, and budesonide were 100 nM. The results are presented as the mean ± SEM of five (A-D, F–H) or seven (E) subjects. Significant differences compared with cells pretreated with vehicle are indicated by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. Significant differences compared with cells treated with glycopyrronium, formoterol, and budesonide are indicated by ‡p < 0.05, †p < 0.05, and §p < 0.05, respectively.