Fig. 5.

A and B: Time course of the release of IL-6 (A) and IL-8 (B) into the ASL of HNE cells before (time 0) and after infection with HCoV-229E in the presence or absence of the NF-κB inhibitor CAPE or sham treatment (medium) (Med). HNE cells were pretreated with CAPE (25 μg/mL) starting at 2 h before infection and lasting until the end of the experiments. The results are reported as the mean ± SEM of cells from five different subjects. Significant differences compared with sham (medium)-infected cells are indicated by *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01. Significant differences compared with cells infected with HCoV-229E alone (HCoV) at 72 h after infection are indicated by ^†p < 0.05. C and D: The release of IL-6 (C) and IL-8 (D) into the ASL of HNE cells pretreated with glycopyrronium (GLP), formoterol (FRM), budesonide (BUD), a combination of the three drugs (GFB), ICI 118,551 plus formoterol (ICI + FRM), or vehicle collected before and between 24 h and 72 h after infection with HCoV-229E or after sham infection (Sham). E–G: The mRNA expression of IFN-β (E), IFN-λ₁ (F), or IFN-γ (G) in HNE cells pretreated with glycopyrronium (GLP), formoterol (FRM), budesonide (BUD), a combination of the three drugs (GFB), ICI plus formoterol (ICI + FRM), or vehicle (Veh) collected before and at 72 h after infection with HCoV-229E or sham infection (Sham). C–G: The results are reported as the mean ± SEM of cells from five different subjects. Significant differences compared with the values from cells treated with vehicle (Veh) before infection are indicated by *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01. Significant differences compared with the values from cells infected with HCoV-229E alone in the presence of vehicle (Veh) are indicated by ^†p < 0.05 and ^††p < 0.01. Significant differences compared with the values from cells pretreated with glycopyrronium, formoterol, and budesonide after infection are indicated by ^‡p < 0.05, ^§p < 0.05, and ^¶p < 0.05, respectively.