Table 1.

Brief summary of fruit juices and/or their associated polyphenol extracts against human enteric viruses and viral surrogates.

Type of bioactive	Concentration	Virus	Reduction	Reference
American Cranberry extracts (Vaccinium macrocarpon)	0.6 mg/ml CPAC at RT for 1 h	FCV-F9 MNV-1 MS2	≥5 log PFU (nondetectable) ∼3 log PFU ∼1 log PFU	[15, 16]
Cranberry juice (Vaccinium macrocarpon)	50% juice after 30 min	Simian rotavirus	Undetectable from 9 log PFU/ml	[5, 17]
Pomegranate (Punica granatum)	32 mg/ml Polyphenol at RT for 1 h	FCV-F9 MNV-1 at 5 log PFU MS2 at 5 log PFU	≥5 log PFU (nondetectable) ∼3.6 log PFU ∼1 log PFU	[25, 26]
Black raspberry (Rubus coreanus)	Juice	FCV-F9, MNV-1	PFU reduction after pretreatment of hostcells or co-treatment	[35]
Grapeseed extract (GSE; Vitis vinifera)	0.2 mg/ml GSE at 37 °C for 1 h	MNV-1	3 log PFU/ml	[27]
GSE	1 mg/ml GSE at 37 °C for 2 h	FCV-F9	4.61 log PFU/ml	[7]
		MNV-1	1.73 log PFU/ml
		HAV	3.2 log PFU/ml
Analytical grade PAC	1 and 10 mg/ml PAC for 10 s	FCV-F9, coxsackievirus A7, reovirus	>2 log	[13]