Table 1.

Comparison of drivers and risk factors for selective emerging bat zoonotic viruses

Virus	Drivers	Risk factors/modes of transmission	References
SARS-CoV	Economic growth Desire for game meat Live wild animal trading in wet markets International travel	Slaughtering Social/cultural practices Farming of wild animals Laboratory acquired infection	[29••, 54, 55, 93]
Ebola virus	Desire for game meat (Bush meat) Live wild animal trading Burial practices	Slaughtering/hunters Social/cultural Practices Poor health care practices	[31]
Marburg virus	Infected monkeys used for research Mining Tourism	Laboratory acquired infection Caves (eco-tourism) Mining	[84, 94, 95, 96]
Hendra virus	Population growth/urbanization/human encroachment/synanthrophy Climate change Starvation Reproductive stress	Inadequate PPE for veterinarians Intermit contact with horses (cuts, abrasions, respiratory secretions) For example performing necropies	[13, 46, 62]
Nipah virus (Bangladesh)	Date palm juice Cultural tradition	Drinking date palm juice Caring for infected patients	[26, 27, 90, 97, 98]
Nipah virus (Malaysia)	Agricultural intensification (dual land use) Encroachment into forested areas Movement of pigs to grower piggeries within Malaysia Food processing in Singapore Trade Habitat destruction Stress	Piggery workers (aerosols, husbandry practices) Abbatoir workers (slaughtering)	[53, 99, 100]
Reoviruses (Melaka virus and related viruses)	Urbanization Tourism	Close proximity to bats Eco-tourism	[101, 102]
Menangle virus	Agricultural practices (transportation of pigs within farm) Movement of pigs to grower piggeries Close proximity to flying fox colony	Piggery workers (husbandry practices — birthing and necropies without PPE)	[47]
Lyssaviruses for example Rabies, Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), European bat lyssaviruses (EBLV) 1 and 2, Lagos bat virus, Duvenhage virus	Urbanization Deforestation Synanthrophy	Bat carers Cohabitation with bats in houses	[42, 44•]