Table 1.
Virus and DNA-based MERS-CoV vaccine candidates
| Vaccine platform | Vaccine candidate | Target antigen | Animal model | Route; adjuvant | Immunological response |
Efficacy | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nab | T-cell | ||||||||
| Live attenuated vaccine | rMERS-CoV-ΔE | MERS-CoV | ND | – | ND | ND | ND | [81] | |
| Inactivated whole virus | Whole inactivated virus (WIV) | MERS-CoV | hDPP4 Tg-mice | i.m.; alum/MF59 | + | ND | Protectiveb | [49] | |
| Recombinant Viral vectors | MVA | MVA-S | S | Ad/hDPP4-mice | 2x i.m./s.c.c | + | + | Protective | [51] |
| camel | 2x i.n. + i.m. | +; Mucosal | + | Protective | [52••] | ||||
| Adenovirus | Ad5-S/S1 | S/S1 | mice | 1:i.m.; 2: i.n. | + | + | ND | [53] | |
| Ad5-S/Ad41-S | S | mice | intragastric | + | – | ND | [54] | ||
| i.m. | + | + | ND | [54] | |||||
| Measles | MVvac2-MERS-S/solS | S/solS | Ad/hDPP4-micea | 2x i.p. | + | + | Protective | [55] | |
| Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus | VRP-N | N | Ad/hDPP4-mice | 2x i.n. | – | Airway | Protective | [27••] | |
| VRP-S | S | Ad/hDPP4-mice | 2x footpad | + | + | Protective | [26] | ||
| VRP-S | S | 288/330+/+mice | 2x footpad | + | ND | Protective | [57] | ||
| Rabies virus | BNSP333-S1 | S1 | Ad/hDPP4-mice | 3x i.m. | + | ND | Protective | [56] | |
| DNA Vaccines | VRC8400-S | S | NHP | 3x i.m. + EP | + | ND | Protective | [58] | |
| mice | 3x i.m. + EP | + | ND | ND | [58] | ||||
| pVax1-S | S | NHP | 3x i.m. + EP | + | + | Protective | [59] | ||
| camel | 3x i.m. + EP | + | ND | ND | [59] | ||||
| mice | 3x i.m. + EP | + | + | ND | [59] | ||||
| DNA + rProtein | S DNA (VRC8400-S)/S1 protein | S/S1 | NHPs | 2x S-DNA: i.m + e.p.; 1x S1 Protein: i.m. | + | ND | Protective | [58] | |
Ad, adenovirus; Ad/hDPP4-mice, mice transduced with hDPP4 in an adenoviral vector; alum, aluminum hydroxide; E, envelope protein; EP, electroporation; hDPP4, human dipeptidyl peptidase 4; i.m., intramuscular; i.n., intranasal; i.p., intraperitoneal; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; MVA, modified vaccinia virus Ankara; N, nucleocapsid protein; Nab, neutralizing antibodies; ND, not done; NHP, non-human primate; rMERS-CoV, recombinant Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; S, spike protein; S1, S1 domain of spike protein; solS, spike protein lacking transmembrane domain; Tg-mice, transgenic mice; VRP, virus replicon particle.
Ad/hDPP4-IFNAR −/− -CD46Ge mice.
Neutralizing antibody and protection against viral infection was found in WIV preparation with and without adjuvant but hypersensitivity-type lung reaction was produced post-challenge.
S.c. vaccination was less immunogenic at lower virus doses.