Table 1.
Selected examples of virus parallel evolution
| Virus | Gene | Mutation | Details | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory conditions | ||||
| Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) | Various | Various | Independent populations sequentially passaged showed 19 loci that evolved shared alleles. | [64] |
| Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | S | S465F | Replicated sequential passaging in DDP4-expressing cells resulted in the mutation Ser → Phe in the spike protein | [65] |
| Natural systems | ||||
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Gag | M30R, Y30R | A change from Met or Lys → Arg observed in HIV groups M, N and O. | [18] |
| Rabies virus (RABV) | N | L374S | Substitutions in the nucleoprotein and polymerase observed in two independent zoonoses. | [5] |
| L | K200R | |||
| Influenza A virus (IAV) | HA | G228S | A Gly → Ser change observed in different HX subtypes that circulate in humans, compared to avian and equine sequences. | [66] |
| PB2 | E627K | A Glu → Lys change at position 627 of PB2 increases virulence in mammalian hosts, in both H5N1 and H3N2 subtypes. | [67] | |
| West Nile Virus (WNV) | NS3 | T249P | A single change (Thr→Pro) in the viral helicase increased virulence for American crows, and was observed in different bird outbreaks in Egypt, Romania, Russia, Israel and the United States. | [68] |
| Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) | VP1 | F280Y | Multiple parallel changes observed in vaccine derived polioviruses in 29 different epidemics in relation to a known, ancestral oral polio vaccine (OPV) strain sequence. | [69]a |
| VP2 | F141Y | |||
| VP3 | T80K | |||
a
An additional non-coding substitution was also reported by the authors and is not included in this table.