Table 2.

List of anti-coronavirus peptides (* calculated by APD3 [106]: antimicrobial peptide calculator)

(A) The peptides inhibiting fusion
Peptide	Sequence	Peptide source	Virus	*Net charge	*Hydrophobic residues (%)	Toxicity (TC50)/ selectivity index (SI)	IC50	Cell line/animal model	References
SARSWW-III	GYHLMSFPQAAPHGVVFLHVTW	S2 subunit of SARS-CoV	SARS-CoV	0	50	No difference in absorbance as compared to untreated cells	∼2 μM	Vero E6 and L2 cells	[96]
SARSWW-IV	GVFVFNGTSWFITQRNFFS	S2 subunit of SARS-CoV	SARS-CoV	1	47	No difference in absorbance as compared to untreated cells	∼2 μM	Vero E6 and L2 cells	[96]
MHVWW-IV	GYFVQDDGEWKFTGSSYYY	S2 subunit of MHV	MHV	−2	21	Not cytotoxic at a concentration of 30 μM on L2 cells	4 μM	Vero E6 and L2 cells	[96]
P1	LTQINTTLLDLTYEMLSLQQVVK ALNESYIDLKEL	HR2 region of MERS-CoV	MERS-CoV	−3	42	–	∼3.013 μM	293T	[104]
HR2L	SIPNFGSLTQINTTLLDLTYEMLSLQQVVKALNESYIDLKELGNY	HR2 region of MERS-CoV	MERS-CoV	−3	37	–	0.5 μM	293T/EGFP + Huh-7 cells	[94]
HR2P	SLTQINTTLLDLTYEMLSLQQVVKALNESYIDLKEL	HR2 region of MERS-CoV	MERS-CoV	−3	41	SI = CC50/IC50 > 1667	0.97 ± 0.15 μM	293T/EGFP + Huh-7 cells	[94]
HR2P-M1	SLTQINTTLLDLEYEMRSLQQVVKALNESYIDLKEL	HR2P region of MERS-CoV	MERS-CoV	−3	38	–	0.85 ± 0.08 μM	293T/EGFP + Huh-7 cells	[94]
HR2P-M2	SLTQINTTLLDLEYEMKKLEEVVKKLEESYIDLKEL	HR2 region of MERS-CoV	MERS-CoV	−4	36	–	0.55 ± 0.04 μM	293T cells and Huh-7 cells	[105]
P9	NGAICWGPCPTAFRQIGNCGHFKVRCCKIR	Mouse β-defensin-4	SARS-CoV MERS-CoV	5	46	Low toxicity in vivo	5 μg/ml	Mice	[99]

(B) The peptides inhibiting viral replication
Peptide	Sequence	Peptide source	Virus	*Net charge	*Hydrophobic residues (%)	Toxicity (TC50) selectivity index (SI)	IC50	Cell lines/ animal model	Reference
K29	FGGASCCLYCRCHIDHPNPKGFCDLKGKY	nsp10 of SARS-CoV	SARS-CoV	2	37	–	160 μM	E. coli	[102]
K12	GGASCCLYCRCH	nsp10 of SARS-CoV	SARS-CoV	1	50	–	160 μM	E. coli	[102]
HR2P	SLTQINTTLLDLTYEMLSLQQVVKALNESYIDLKEL	HR2 region of MERS-CoV	MERS-CoV	−3	41	SI > 1667	∼0.6 μM	Vero cells	[94]
HR2P	SLTQINTTLLDLTYEMLSLQQVVKALNESYIDLKEL	HR2 region of MERS-CoV	MERS-CoV	−3	41	SI > 1667	0.6 μM	Calu-3 cells	[94]
HR2P	SLTQINTTLLDLTYEMLSLQQVVKALNESYIDLKEL	HR2 region of MERS-CoV	MERS-CoV	−3	41	–	13.9 Μm	HFL cells	[94]
Mutant mucroporin-M1	LFRLIKSLIKRLVSAFK	Mucropin AMP	SARS-CoV	5	58	TC50 = 70.46 SI = 9.85	7.15 μg/ml	MDCK	[101]

(C) The peptides inhibiting virus entry (KD: peptide’s dissociation constant)
Peptide	Sequence	Peptide source	Virus	*Net charge	*Hydrophobic residues (%)	Toxicity (TC50) selectivity index (SI)	IC50	Cell lines/animal model	Reference
H	HVTTTFAPPPPR	Porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) of TGEV	TGEV	1	25	0.55 (490 nm)	11 μg/ml	ST	[107]
S	SVVPSKATWGFA	Papn of TGEV		1	50	0.5 (490 nm)	15 μg/ml	ST	[107]
RBD-11b	YKYRYL	RBD of SARS-CoV	SARS-CoV	2	16	No evidence for toxicity	KD = 46 μM	Vero E6	[108]
P8	PSSKRFQPFQQFGRDVSDFT	S protein of SARS-CoV	SARS-CoV	1	25	–	–	HEK293T	[109]
P9	CANLLLQYGSFCTQLNRAL SGIA	S protein of SARS-CoV	SARS-CoV	1	52	–	–	HEK293T	[109]