. 2009 Mar 5;2(1):14–29. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2009.02.001

Table 2.

List of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their known or probable infectious risk factors.

Disease	Infection
Cardiovascular
Atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease	Chlamydia^b, CMV^b, Herpes Virus^b, Dental infections^b
Hypertension	Chlamydia^b
Peripartum cardiac failure	Coxsackie B virus^b, Toxoplasmosis^b, Chlamydia^b
Endomyocardial fibrosis	Loa loa^b, Toxoplasmosis^b, Trichinella^b, Ascaris^b, Hookworm^b, Schistosoma^b
Rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease	Group A β hemolytic Streptococcus
Dilated cardiomyopathy	Viruses^a, Toxoplasmosis^a, Chaga's^a, HIV^a, Lyme disease^a, etc.

Neurology/pyschiatry
Stroke	Chlamydia^b
Tropical spastic paraparesis	Human T lymphotrophic virus type 1^a (HTLV1)
Dementia	HIV^a
Alzheimer's disease	Herpes virus^b, Chlamydia^b
Multiple sclerosis	EBV^b, Corona virus
Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Kuru, Familial insomnia	Prions^a
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)	Measles virus^a
Gullian Barre Syndrome	Campylobacter Jejuni^a
Schizophrenia	Intrauterine influenza^b
Motor neuron disease (MND)	Viruses^b
Chronic fatigue	HTLV1^b, EBV^b
Tics, Obsessive compulsive disorder	Group A Streptococcus Agalactiae^b

Autoimmune/endocrine
Type 1 DM	Enteroviruses^b—Coxsackie, Mumps, etc.
Graves Disease	Yersinia enterolytica^b
Sjogren's disease	Helicobacter pylori^b
Rheumatoid arthritis/SLE	Epstein Barr Virus, Parvovirus, Mycobacterium species, Human endogenous retroviruse
Polyarteritis nodosa	Hepatitis B Virus^a
Mixed cryoglobulinaemia	Hepatitis C Virus^a
Obesity	Adenovirus 36^b
Reiter's arthritis	Chlamydia^a, Salmonella^a, Shigella^a, Campylobacter Jejuni^a, Yersinia^a

Gastrointestinal diseases
Peptic ulcer, Gastritis	Helicobacter pylori^a
Chronic hepatitis, Liver cirrhosis	Hepatitis B Virus^a, Hepatitis C Virus^a
Primary biliary cirrhosis	Helicobacter pylori^b
Crohn's disease	Mycobacterium paratuberculosis^b
Whipple's disease	Tropheryma whipplei^a
Malnutrition	Several infections^a

Renal
Nephrotic syndrome/chronic glomerulonephritis	Malaria^a, Hepatitis B Virus^a, Hepatitis C Virus^a, Salmonella^a, Schistosomiasis^a, Syphilis^a, Leprosy^a, Tuberculosis^a, etc.
Acute glomerulonephritis	Post β hemolytic streptococcus^a

Respiratory
Asthma	Chlamydia^c, Mycoplasma^b, Aspergillus^a, Dermatophagiodes^a, Parasites^b
Chronis obstructive pulmonary Disease	Chlamydia^b, Mycoplasma^b, Haemophilus^b, Streptoccocus^b
Sarcoidosis	Mycobacterium species^b

Cancers
Primary liver cell carcinoma	Hepatitis B Virus^a, Hepatitis C Virus^a, Aflatoxin B1 from Aspergillus flavus^a
Burkitt's lymphoma	Malaria and Epstein Barr Virus^a
Malt lymphoma, gastric lymphoma	Helicobacter pylori^a
Bladder cancer	Schistosoma haematobium^a
Cervical cancer, anal, laryngeal, penile, vulva cancers	Human Papilloma Virus^a
Adult T cell leukemia	Human T lymphotrophic virus 1^a
Kaposi's sarcoma	Human herpes virus 8^a
Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, B cell lymphoma in HIV	Epstein barr virus^a
Bile duct cancer	Opisthorchis viverrrini^a, Chlonorchis sinensis^a

Others
Blindness	Trachoma^a, Onchocerciasis^a, Measles^a, etc.
Eclampsia	Infection^b [118]? type
Dental caries	Several bacteria infections^a
Hemolytic uremic syndrome	Escherichia Coli 0157^a
Anemia, arthritis	Parvovirus B19^a
Bacillary angiomatosis	Bartonella henselae^a
Chronic lyme arthritis	Borrelia Burgdoferi^a
Acne	Propionbacterium acne^a

Known infectious risk factor.

Probable infectious risk factor.