Table 3.
Changes in Body Composition and Biochemical Variables from Baseline to 24 Weeks. Values are Mean ± SD
| HRW | Placebo | P* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow Up | Baseline | Follow Up | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.9 ± 4.8 | 28.2 ± 4.9† | 31.1 ± 5.4 | 31.3 ± 5.3 | < 0.001 |
| Waist-hip circumference | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 0.99 ± 0.07† | 0.96 ± 0.05 | 0.96 ± 0.05 | 0.03 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 187.7 ± 32.4 | 169.2 ± 26.1† | 184.3 ± 37.4 | 184.4 ± 38.6 | < 0.001 |
| Low-density cholesterol (mg/dL) | 109.0 ± 34.4 | 102.5 ± 28.0 | 105.5 ± 42.0 | 106.0 ± 43.3† | 0.06 |
| High-density cholesterol (mg/dL) | 41.7 ± 4.2 | 40.4 ± 1.8† | 41.8 ± 2.3 | 42.3 ± 2.4† | 0.01 |
| Very low-density cholesterol (mg/dL) | 37.3 ± 17.9 | 28.0 ± 11.3† | 36.8 ± 20.6 | 37.3 ± 20.5† | < 0.01 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 189.8 ± 93.3 | 142.4 ± 65.0† | 184.4 ± 102.8 | 185.6 ± 101.3 | < 0.01 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1† | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.04 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 121.5 ± 61.0 | 103.1 ± 33.0† | 123.9 ± 43.4 | 126.4 ± 42.3† | < 0.01 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 0.2† | 6.2 ± 1.2 | 6.1 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
| Tumor necrosis factor alpha (μM) | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 0.6† | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Interleukin 6 (μM) | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.2† | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | < 0.01 |
| Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (μM) | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.3† | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 0.31 |
| Malondialdehyde (μM) | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.2† | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| Diene conjugates (μM) | 27.8 ± 1.0 | 26.7 ± 0.5† | 28.3 ± 0.8 | 28.3 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin E (μM) | 23.0 ± 2.3 | 26.8 ± 1.9† | 23.0 ± 1.5 | 23.1 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin C (μM) | 20.7 ± 2.5 | 24.2 ± 1.8† | 20.7 ± 2.5 | 20.8 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 |
| Nitrite (μM) | 0.63 ± 0.06 | 0.68 ± 0.06† | 0.66 ± 0.04 | 0.65 ± 0.03 | < 0.001 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (μM) | 85.2 ± 7.8 | 80.7 ± 5.8† | 84.5 ± 8.8 | 83.8 ± 8.7† | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate (beat/min) | 86 ± 7 | 83 ± 5† | 86 ± 7 | 85 ± 5 | 0.02 |
Notes: *P-value from two-way mixed ANOVA (treatment vs time interaction). †Indicates significant difference baseline vs follow-up at P ≤ 0.05 for each intervention.