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. 2020 Mar 28;19:40. doi: 10.1186/s12933-020-01020-9

Table 1.

Characteristics of the study participants

Variable BMI < 25 kg/m2 BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2
With LEAD
(n = 89)
Without LEAD
(n = 95)
With LEAD
(n = 72)
Without LEAD
(n = 120)
n (men/women) 58/31 59/36 55/17 87/33
Age (years) 59 (53–65)** 42 (35–51) 58 (50–63)** 40 (33–46)
BMI (kg/m2) 23.51 (22.50–24.22)** 22.60 (21.23–23.88) 26.88 (25.74–28.25) 27.34 (26.21–28.27)
SBP (mmHg) 120 (115–131) 120 (112–130) 128 (120–140) 126 (120–138)
DBP (mmHg) 77 (70–82) 80 (70–85) 80 (76–90) 80 (76–90)
TC (mmol/L) 4.87 ± 1.28 4.73 ± 1.04 4.80 ± 1.18 4.95 ± 1.11
TG (mmol/L) 1.28 (0.97–1.98) 1.21 (0.78–1.97) 1.90 (1.23–2.64) 2.00 (1.38–2.74)
HDL-c (mmol/L) 1.12 (0.87–1.33) 1.08 (0.94–1.30) 0.93 (0.84–1.10) 0.96 (0.81–1.11)
LDL-c (mmol/L) 2.99 ± 1.14 2.92 ± 0.81 3.00 ± 0.95 3.03 ± 0.94
CRP (mg/L) 0.84 (0.45–1.74) 0.65 (0.30–1.42) 1.07 (0.50–1.88) 1.25 (0.69–2.21)
FPG (mmol/L) 7.69 (6.62–10.22) 7.50 (6.19–8.95) 9.11 (6.94–10.64) 7.95 (6.89–10.03)
2hPG (mmol/L) 12.74 (10.38–15.14) 12.38 (9.21–15.23) 13.67 (9.72–16.81) 13.31 (10.85–15.91)
HbA1c (%) 10.0 (8.1–11.2) 9.3 (7.2–10.8) 9.8 (8.2–10.8) 9.5 (7.7–11.3)
FCP (ng/mL) 1.35 (1.03–1.94) 1.50 (0.82–2.04) 1.78 (1.31–2.26) 1.84 (1.29–2.64)
2hCP (ng/mL) 2.64 (1.74–3.78) 2.90 (1.70–4.57) 3.33 (2.39–4.48) 3.83 (2.32–6.50)
HOMA2-IR 1.18 (0.83–1.66) 1.29 (0.70–1.75) 1.53 (1.17–2.10) 1.60 (1.15–2.24)
Hg (g/L) 142 (132–150)* 145 (137–154) 148 (135–154) 148 (139–155)
GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) 94.80 (83.00–110.70)** 104.50 (92.70–121.56) 93.79 (79.95–108.58)** 107.66 (89.18–124.33)
Diabetes duration (years) 10.00 (6.00–14.00)** 6.00 (2.00–10.00) 10.50 (5.00–14.00)** 4.00 (0.33–9.00)
F-IMT (mm) 0.85 ± 0.00** 0.60 ± 0.03 0.85 ± 0.01** 0.60 ± 0.03
Current smoking, n (%) 35 (39.33) 25 (26.32) 24 (33.33) 41 (34.17)
Current alcohol consumption, n (%) 14 (15.73) 20 (21.05) 14 (19.44) 30 (25.00)
Anti-hypertensive therapy, n (%) 39 (43.82)** 18 (18.95) 31 (43.06) 39 (32.50)
Lipid-lowering therapy, n (%) 71 (79.78)** 46 (48.42) 59 (81.94)** 73 (60.83)

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range: 25 to 75%), or n (%)

BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CRP C-reactive protein, FPG fasting plasma glucose, 2hPG 2-h plasma glucose, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin A1c, FCP fasting C-peptide, 2hCP 2-h C-peptide, HOMA2-IR homeostasis model assessment 2 of insulin resistance, Hg haemoglobin, GFR glomerular filtration rate, F-IMT femoral intima-media thickness

* P < 0.05 versus without LEAD

** P < 0.01 versus without LEAD