Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants
| Variable | BMI < 25 kg/m2 | BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| With LEAD (n = 89) |
Without LEAD (n = 95) |
With LEAD (n = 72) |
Without LEAD (n = 120) |
|
| n (men/women) | 58/31 | 59/36 | 55/17 | 87/33 |
| Age (years) | 59 (53–65)** | 42 (35–51) | 58 (50–63)** | 40 (33–46) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.51 (22.50–24.22)** | 22.60 (21.23–23.88) | 26.88 (25.74–28.25) | 27.34 (26.21–28.27) |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120 (115–131) | 120 (112–130) | 128 (120–140) | 126 (120–138) |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77 (70–82) | 80 (70–85) | 80 (76–90) | 80 (76–90) |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.87 ± 1.28 | 4.73 ± 1.04 | 4.80 ± 1.18 | 4.95 ± 1.11 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.28 (0.97–1.98) | 1.21 (0.78–1.97) | 1.90 (1.23–2.64) | 2.00 (1.38–2.74) |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.12 (0.87–1.33) | 1.08 (0.94–1.30) | 0.93 (0.84–1.10) | 0.96 (0.81–1.11) |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.99 ± 1.14 | 2.92 ± 0.81 | 3.00 ± 0.95 | 3.03 ± 0.94 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.84 (0.45–1.74) | 0.65 (0.30–1.42) | 1.07 (0.50–1.88) | 1.25 (0.69–2.21) |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 7.69 (6.62–10.22) | 7.50 (6.19–8.95) | 9.11 (6.94–10.64) | 7.95 (6.89–10.03) |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 12.74 (10.38–15.14) | 12.38 (9.21–15.23) | 13.67 (9.72–16.81) | 13.31 (10.85–15.91) |
| HbA1c (%) | 10.0 (8.1–11.2) | 9.3 (7.2–10.8) | 9.8 (8.2–10.8) | 9.5 (7.7–11.3) |
| FCP (ng/mL) | 1.35 (1.03–1.94) | 1.50 (0.82–2.04) | 1.78 (1.31–2.26) | 1.84 (1.29–2.64) |
| 2hCP (ng/mL) | 2.64 (1.74–3.78) | 2.90 (1.70–4.57) | 3.33 (2.39–4.48) | 3.83 (2.32–6.50) |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.18 (0.83–1.66) | 1.29 (0.70–1.75) | 1.53 (1.17–2.10) | 1.60 (1.15–2.24) |
| Hg (g/L) | 142 (132–150)* | 145 (137–154) | 148 (135–154) | 148 (139–155) |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 94.80 (83.00–110.70)** | 104.50 (92.70–121.56) | 93.79 (79.95–108.58)** | 107.66 (89.18–124.33) |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 10.00 (6.00–14.00)** | 6.00 (2.00–10.00) | 10.50 (5.00–14.00)** | 4.00 (0.33–9.00) |
| F-IMT (mm) | 0.85 ± 0.00** | 0.60 ± 0.03 | 0.85 ± 0.01** | 0.60 ± 0.03 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 35 (39.33) | 25 (26.32) | 24 (33.33) | 41 (34.17) |
| Current alcohol consumption, n (%) | 14 (15.73) | 20 (21.05) | 14 (19.44) | 30 (25.00) |
| Anti-hypertensive therapy, n (%) | 39 (43.82)** | 18 (18.95) | 31 (43.06) | 39 (32.50) |
| Lipid-lowering therapy, n (%) | 71 (79.78)** | 46 (48.42) | 59 (81.94)** | 73 (60.83) |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range: 25 to 75%), or n (%)
BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CRP C-reactive protein, FPG fasting plasma glucose, 2hPG 2-h plasma glucose, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin A1c, FCP fasting C-peptide, 2hCP 2-h C-peptide, HOMA2-IR homeostasis model assessment 2 of insulin resistance, Hg haemoglobin, GFR glomerular filtration rate, F-IMT femoral intima-media thickness
* P < 0.05 versus without LEAD
** P < 0.01 versus without LEAD