Table 3.

Studies of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in beef cattle

Country	Host age	Total number	Molecular marker(s), Cryptosporidium species or genotype (% of positive)	Molecular marker(s), Giardia duodenalis assemblage (% of positive)	References
Australia	≤3 or 3–9 months	201	SSU-rRNA and gp60 Cryptosporidium parvum 3% Cryptosporidium bovis 10% Cryptosporidium ryanae 3%	tpi Assemblage A 1% Assemblage E 24%	Abeywardena et al. (2013a)
Belgium	<10 weeks	333	–	β-giardin	Geurden et al. (2008a)
				Assemblage A 16%
				Assemblage E 84%
				tpi
				Assemblage A 6%
				Assemblage E 71%
				Mixed A and E 22%
Canada	<6 months	739	SSU-rRNA and hsp70	SSU-rRNA and β-giardin	Budu-Amoako et al. (2012a)
	>6 months		C. parvum 24%	Assemblage A 4%
			C. bovis 20%	Assemblage B 7%
			C. ryanae 7%	Assemblage E 89%
			Cryptosporidium andersoni 49%
Canada	Pooled manure samples from different ages	112	SSU-rRNA and hsp70	SSU-rRNA and β-giardin	Dixon et al. (2011)
			C. andersoni 100%	Assemblage E 100%
Japan	2 months to 15 years	113	SSU-rRNA		Murakoshi et al. (2012)
			C. bovis 13%
			C. ryanae 5%
			Mixed C. bovis and C. ryanae 2%
USA	Calves (6–8 months) and cows (>2 years)	212	SSU-rRNA	–	Feltus et al. (2008)
			C. bovis 9.4%
			C. andersoni 1.4%
			Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype 6.6%
USA	6–18 months	819	SSU-rRNA	–	Fayer et al. (2010)
			C. andersoni 68%
			C. bovis 23%
			C. ryanae 9%
USA	6–18 months	819	–	SSU-rRNA	Santin et al. (2012)
				Assemblage E 31.5%
				Assemblage A 1.2%
Vietnam	2–6 months	232	SSU-rRNA	–	Nguyen et al. (2012)
			C. bovis (0.8%)
			C. ryanae (3.9%)
Zambia	2–70 days	238	SSU-rRNA	–	Geurden et al. (2006)
			C. parvum 2.9%
			Cryptosporidium suis 0.4%
			hsp70
			C. parvum 1.3%
			C. suis 0.4%