Table 2.

Congenital abnormalities of camelids associated with emergencies or high mortality

Type of defect	References
Uro-genital defects, renal agenesis, atresia vulvi	[87], [94], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103]
Atresia ani	[87], [104]
Cleft palate	[99], [100], [105]
Choanal atresia	[85], [86], [106] Tibary
Severe angular limb deformities	[99], [100], [107], [108], [109]
Severe umbilical hernia	[99], [100] Tibary
Heart defects (tetralogy of fallot, ventricular septal defect)	[99], [100], [110]
Esophageal defect	[99], [100]
Wry face	[99], [100]
Diaphragmatic hernia	[111]