Table 1.
Enzymatic Na+/K+-ATPase inhibition and In vitro anti-transmissible gastroenteritis virus (anti-TGEV) activity of cardenolides in swine testis (ST) cells.
| Compound | TGEV | Na+/K+ ATPase | ST |
|---|---|---|---|
| IC50(nM) ± SDa | IC50(nM) ± SDa | CC50a (μM) | |
| Reevesioside A | 164 ± 47 | 2297 ± 294 | > 10 |
| Reevesioside B | 4448 ± 395 | 35,642 ± 3232 | > 50 |
| Reevesioside C | 3981 ± 723 | 24,299 ± 4219 | > 50 |
| Reevesioside D | 27,342 ± 6774 | 72,269 ± 4589 | > 50 |
| Reevesioside E | 24,047 ± 4448 | 25,229 ± 3795 | > 50 |
| Reevesioside F | 304 ± 44 | 1616 ± 220 | > 10 |
| epi-Reevesioside F | 155 ± 39 | 1018 ± 218 | > 10 |
| Reevesioside G /epi-Reevesioside G |
2790 ± 632 | 10,758 ± 469 | > 50 |
| Reevesioside H /epi-Reevesioside H |
22,386 ± 6383 | 169,093 ± 4798 | > 50 |
| Reevesioside I /epi-Reevesioside I |
16,422 ± 3170 | 127,255 ± 2225 | > 50 |
| Digoxin | 615 ± 120 | 2727 ± 124 | > 10 |
| Digitoxin | 373 ± 32 | 6751 ± 931 | > 10 |
| Digitoxigenin | 622 ± 57 | 1648 ± 90 | > 10 |
| Oleandrin | 166 ± 8 | 2611 ± 175 | > 10 |
| Ouabain | 147 ± 28 | 4046 ± 740 | > 10 |
| Dihydroouabain | 3126 ± 842 | 14,397 ± 842 | > 50 |
| Tylophorineb | 311 ± 70 | > 500,000 | > 10 |
a
The 50% maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) (nM) values for TGEV replication were determined by immunofluorescent assay at 6 h post-infection (h.p.i.). In parallel, the 50% maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) (μM) values for cytotoxicity of each compound in TGEV infected ST cells were also obtained at 6 h.p.i. Shown are means ± S.D. from 3 to 5 independent experiments, each performed in duplicate.
b
Tylophorine was served as positive control for anti-TGEV activity (Yang et al., 2010).