Box 2.
The pharmacological activities of Toona sinensis.
| Pharmacological effects | Detail | Tested substance | Doses/concentrations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antitumor effect | Leukemia (K562 cell line) | ACTSL | IC50 was 102.53 μg/ml | Chen et al. (2011a) |
| Leukemia (WEHI-3 cell line) | TSL | 50 mg/kg on WEHI-3 cell bearing mice | Yang et al. (2017) | |
| Leukemia (HL-60 cell line) | TSL | 10–75 μg/ml | Huang et al. (2012) | |
| Gallic acid | 5, 10 μg/ml |
Huang et al. (2012) Kakumu et al. (2014) |
||
| Leukemia (HL-60 and K562 cell lines) | Cedralins A | IC50 were 26.2 and 22.4 μg/ml | Lee et al. (2010) | |
| Leukemia (HL-60 cell line) | Loropetalin D | 50 μM | Kakumu et al. (2014) | |
| Quercetin | ||||
| Quercitrin | ||||
| Afzelin | ||||
| Astragalin 2′′-O-gallate | ||||
| (+)-Catechin | ||||
| Lung cancer (H441, H520, H661 cell lines) | TSL | 0.125–1.0 mg/ml for 24 or 48 h, IC50 were 1.2, 0.73 and 0.29 mg/ml for H441, H520 and H661 cells |
Wang et al. (2010); Yang et al., 2010a, Yang et al., 2010b |
|
| Oral carcinoma | TSL | 1.0 g/kg | Wang et al. (2016) | |
| Gallic acid | 250, 500 μg/ml | Chia et al. (2010) | ||
| Gastric cancer (MGC-803 cell line) | Betulonic acid | IC50 was 17.7 μM | Yang et al. (2013) | |
| 3-Oxo-12-en-28-oic acid | IC50 was 13.6 μM | |||
| Gastric cancer (SGC-7901 cell line) | ACTSL | IC50 was 168.47 μg/ml | Chen et al. (2011a) | |
| Prostatic cancer (DU145 cell line) | Gallic acid | 25–100 μg/ml | Chen et al., 2009a, Chen et al., 2009b | |
| Prostatic cancer (PC3 cell line) | Betulonic acid | IC50 was 26.5 μM | Yang et al. (2013) | |
| 3-Oxo-12-en-28-oic acid | IC50 was 21.9 μM | |||
| Ovarian cancer (SKOV3 cell line) | TSL | 0–1000 μg/ml | Chang et al. (2006) | |
| Cervical carcinoma (Hela cell line) | TSL | 25, 50 μg/ml | Zhen et al. (2014) | |
| Renal carcinoma (ccRCC cell line) | TSL | – | Chen et al. (2016) | |
| Rsteosarcoma (Saos-2 cell line) | TSL | IC50 was 42.8–52.3 μg/ml in vitro 1 g/kg and 5 g/kg on Saos-2 cell bearing mice |
Chen et al. (2017b) | |
| Colon cancer Caco-2 cell | TSL | IC50 was 4.0 μg/ml | Liu et al. (2012) | |
| Liver cancer HepG2 cell | TSL | IC50 was 153.16 μg/ml | ||
| Breast cancer MCF-7 cell | TSL | IC50 was 193.46 μg/ml | ||
| Hypoglycemic effects | Glucose uptake-enhancing effect | ETSL | 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mg/ml, for 60 min | Yang et al. (2003) |
| Inhibiting LDL glycation induced by glucose and glyoxal | TSL | 0.5 mg/ml | Hsieh et al. (2005) | |
| Alleviating hyperglycemia via altering adipose glucose transporter 4 | TSL | 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg/14 days | Wang et al. (2008a) | |
| Hypoglcemic effects on diabetic mice | FTSL | 0.6, 0.12 mg/kg | Zhang et al., 2008, Zhang et al., 2011 | |
| Protective effects on hepatic injury at early stage in diabetic rats | TPST | 60, 80, 100 mg/kg, for 14 days | Xing and Chen (2011) | |
| Hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats | STSL | 15 mg/kg, for 15 days | Du et al. (2011) | |
| kidney protecting effects in diabetic rats | STSL | 50 mg/kg, for 10 weeks | Li et al. (2016) | |
| Preventing the progression of diabetes | NPTSL | 12.5–100 μg/ml in vitro; 150 mg/kg for 8 weeks in vivo |
Hsieh et al. (2012) | |
| Stimulating glucose uptake and ameliorating insulin resistance | ETSL | 0, 10, 50, 70, and 95% | Liu et al. (2015) | |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitory activities | Gallic acid | IC50 was 24.3 μM | ||
| (+)-Catechin | IC50 was 190.7 μM | Zhao et al. (2009) | ||
| (−)-Epicatechin | IC50 was 189.0 μM | |||
| Procyanidin B3 | IC50 was 111.0 μM | |||
| Procyanidin B4 | IC50 was 89.0 μM | |||
| Reducing the risk of diabetes and its secondary complications via reducing oxidative stress in the liver | Quercetin | 200 mg/kg | Zhang et al. (2016) | |
| Antioxidant effects | Against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in MDCK cells | Methyl gallate | 100 μM | Hsieh et al. (2004) |
| In vitro antioxidant experiments | TSL | 0.1–1.6 mg/ml | Zhang et al. (2007) | |
| TSL | 25–100 μg/ml | Hseu et al. (2008) | ||
| Gallic acid | 50 μg/ml | |||
| TPST | _ |
Wang et al., 2008a, Wang et al., 2008b |
||
| Antioxidant properties that protect endothelial cells from oxidative stress | TSL | 50–100 μg/ml | Yang et al. (2011) | |
| Up-regulating antioxidant enzymes in SD rats | FETSL | 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg | Chen et al. (2013) | |
| Anti-inflammatory effects | Inhibiting carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats | TSL | 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg (p.o.) | Ruan et al. (2010) |
| Treating adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats | TPST | 35 and 70 mg/kg (p.o.) | Yang and Chen (2012) | |
| Inhibiting LPS-induced inflammation in mice via suppressing NF-κB pathway | TSL | 100 mg/kg (p.o.) | Hsiang et al. (2013) | |
| Gallic acid | 5 mg/kg (p.o.) | |||
| Inhibiting LPS-induced inflammation in vascular smooth muscle cells (A7r5 cell line) via suppressing NF-κB pathway | TSL | 25–100 μg/ml | Yang et al. (2014) | |
| Gallic acid | 5 μg/ml | |||
| Inhibiting inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells via activating Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway | 7-deacetylgedunin | 1–25 μM | Chen et al. (2017a) | |
| Protecting effects on ischemia–reperfusion | Protective effect on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats | TPST | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg/d (p.o., for 7 days) | Li and Chen, 2011a, Li and Chen, 2011b, Li and Chen, 2012 |
| protective effects on MODS caused by brain ischemia–reperfusion in rats | BUST | 20,30 mg/kg/d (p.o., for 7 days) | Yuan et al. (2013) | |
| Hepatoprotective effect | Alleviating thioacetamide induced liver fibrosis | TSL | 1 g/kg/d (p.o., for 7 days) | Fan et al. (2007) |
| Ameliorating antioxidant enzymes activity in H2O2 induced oxidative rats liver | TSL | 0.013– 1.88 g/kg/d (p.o., for 8 weeks) | Yu et al. (2012a) | |
| Protective effects on hepatic injury at early stage in diabetic rats | TPST | 60, 80, 100 mg/kg (p.o., for 14 days) | Xing and Chen (2011) | |
| Attenuating acetaminophen induced acute liver toxicity in HepG2 cells and mice via inducing antioxidant machinery and inhibiting inflammation | Quercitrin | 25, 50 μg/ml; 10, 50 mg/kg/d (p.o., for 7 days) |
Truong et al. (2016) | |
| Antiviral and antibacterial effects | Antiviral activity against SARS-CoV | TSL | IC50 = 30 μg/ml | Chen et al. (2008) |
| Antiviral activity against H1N1 | TSL | 10–100 μg/ml | You et al. (2013) | |
| Antibacterial activity against E. coli C83902 | TSL | MIC = 0.25 g/ml | Chen et al. (2011b) | |
| Antibacterial activity against E. coli K88 | TSL | MIC = 0.125 g/ml | ||
| Antibacterial activity against Salmonella C500 | TSL | MIC = 0.25 g/ml | ||
| Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus CAU0183 | TSL | MIC = 0.25 g/ml | ||
| Anti-gout activity | Inhibiting XO | TSL | IC50 = 151.6 μg/ml | Liang et al. (2011) |
| Inhibiting COX- 2 | TSL | IC50 = 2.26 μg/ml | ||
| Hypouricemic effects on hyperuricemic mice | FTSL | 50, 100, 200 mg/kg/d (p.o., for 7 days) | Wang et al. (2011) | |
| Male reproductive system protection | Suppressing steroidogenesis, cAMP-PKA pathway and steroidogenic enzymes activities in normal mouse leydig cells | TSL | 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 mg/ml | Poon et al. (2005) |
| TSL could improves the functions of sperm and testes | TSL | 13 mg/kg/d (p.o., for 8 weeks) | Yu et al. (2012a) | |
| Anticoagulation effect | Anticoagulation effect of on adrenaline induced hypercoagulable rats via prolonging RT, APTT, TT and PT, and increasing AT-III activity | BUST | 10, 20 mg/kg/d (p.o., for 7 days) | Jin and Chen (2011) |
| Enhancing fibrinolysis of topical FeCl3 induced carotid artery thrombosis rats via increasing t-PA, PL G and DD. | BUST | 40 mg/kg/d (p.o., for 7 days) | Jin and Chen (2011) | |
| Other pharmacological effects | Lipolytic effect in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes via protein kinase C pathway | TSL | 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mg/ml | Hsu et al. (2003) |
| Suppressing BV-2 microglia mediated neuroinflammation | TSL | 5, 10, 50 mg/ml | Wang et al. (2014a) | |
| Antinociceptive effect on acetic acid induced writhing in mice | TSL | 0.003–1 g/kg (p.o.) | Su et al. (2015) | |
| Anticomplementary activity on complement-injured SH-SY5Y cells | 1-O-methyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O- galloyl-β-d-glucopyanose |
100, 200 mg/ml | Zhao et al. (2011) | |
| Improving capacities of stress resistance and delaying senescence for Caenorhabditis elegans | FTSL | 100 μg/ml | Yang et al. (2010) | |
ACTSL, ethyl acetate extracts of T. sinensis leaf; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AT-III, increasing the activity of antithrombin III; BUST, n-butanol extract of the seeds of T. sinensis; CLP, cecal ligation and puncture; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; DD, D-dimer; FETSL, anaerobic fermented leaves extract of T. sinensis; ETSL, ethanol extracts of T. sinensis leaf; FTSL, total flavonoids of T. sinensis leaf; IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration; PLG, plasminogen; MODS, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RT, cation time; STSL, water extracts of the seeds of T. sinensis; TSL, water extracts of T. sinensis leaf; t-PA, tissue plasminogen activator; TPST, total polyphenols from the seeds of T. sinensis; TT, thrombin time; PT, prothrombin time; XO, xanthine oxidase.