Fig. 4.

A core concept of the IPCC (2014) report on vulnerability and adaptations is that risks to populations are formed by interactions between sources of hazard, vulnerability and exposure. In the context of NTDs, natural and anthropogenic inputs—including interventions such as WASH and vector control—combine to affect the life cycles of climate-sensitive stages (the hazard). Simultaneously a wide variety of societal inputs can affect vulnerability and exposure levels, and can lead to mitigations that modify emissions and habitats to affect the NTD-associated hazard. A lack of adaptive inputs is likely to lead to higher exposure, vulnerability, hazards and risk.