Table 10.

Prevalence of streptococci in European studies 2000–2019

Country	Year	Population	Method	Detection rate	Reference
UK and Ireland	1998–2000 1999–2001	71 client-owned dogs with respiratory signs 209 humanely destroyed kennelled dogs	Streptococcus spp. in BALF by culture	1.4% 23.9%	Chalker et al., (2003a)
Germany	1989–2011	493 client-owned dogs with respiratory signs	Streptococcus spp. in BALF by culture	30.7%	Rheinwald et al. (2015)
Italy	2011–2013	78 dogs with CIRDC	S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus in nasal and oropharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR	0.0%	Decaro et al. (2016)

BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; CIRDC, canine infectious respiratory disease; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.