Table 3.

Prevalence of canine distemper virus in European studies 2000–2019

Country	Year	Population	Method	Detection rate	Reference
Austria	1997–2007	68 dogs with pneumonia	CDV in lung samples by IHC	16.2%	Woehrer et al. (2016)
Austria	2013–2015	214 dogs with CIRDC 50 healthy dogs	CDV in nasal and tonsil swabs by PCR	0.5%	Hiebl et al. (2019)
Germany	2011–2012	61 dogs with CIRDC 90 healthy dogs	CDV in nasal and pharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR	0.0% 0.0%	Schulz et al. (2014b)
Italy	2011–2013	78 dogs with CIRDC	CDV in nasal and pharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR	0.0%	Decaro et al. (2016)
Finland	2011–2013	20 dogs with bacterial pneumonia 13 dogs with chronic Bb infection	CDV in BALF/TTW by RT-PCR	0.0% 0.0%	Viitanen et al. (2015)

BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; Bb, Bordetella bronchiseptica; CDV, canine distemper virus; CIRDC, canine infectious respiratory disease complex; IHC, immunohistochemistry; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; TTW, transtracheal wash.