Table 5.
Prevalence of canine influenza virus in European studies 2000–2019
| Country | Year | Population | Method | Detection rate | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | 1997–2011 | 562 sera from adult dogs | CIV-specific antibodies by cELISA, 124 positive and negative samples tested by H3N8/H3N2-specific HI |
3.56% 0.36% (H3N8) 37.9% (H3N2) |
Pratelli and Colao (2014) |
| Italy | 2004–2008 | 224 farm and rescue dogs | CIV-specific antibodies by cELISA | 0.0% | Piccirillo et al. (2010) |
| Italy | 2009 | 964 sera from healthy dogs | CIV-specific antibodies by cELISA, positive samples re-tested by H1N1-specific HI | 3.0% 0.7% |
Dundon et al. (2010) |
| Germany | 2010–2011 | 736 dog sera | CIV-specific antibodies by cELISA, positive samples re-tested by N1-specific cELISA and SN | 0.95% 0.14% |
Damiani et al. (2012) |
| Germany | 2010–2011 | 272 healthy dogs 35 dogs with acute CIRDC | CIV H3N8-specific antibodies in sera by ELISA | 0.37% | Schulz et al. (2014a) |
| Positive samples re-tested by IFA and subtype-specific HI CIV in nasal and pharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR |
2.86% 0.0% 0.0% |
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| Germany | 2011–2012 | 90 healthy dogs 61 dogs with CIRDC |
CIV in nasal and pharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR | 0.0% 0.0% |
Schulz et al. (2014b) |
| Finland | 2011–2013 | 20 dogs with bacterial pneumonia 13 dogs with chronic Bb infection |
CIV in BALF/TTW by RT-PCR | 0.0% 0.0% |
Viitanen et al. (2015) |
| Italy | 2011–2013 | 78 dogs with CIRDC | CIV in nasal and pharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR | 0.0% | Decaro et al. (2016) |
| Austria | 2013–2015 | 214 dogs with CIRDC 50 healthy dogs |
CIV in nasal and tonsil swabs by PCR | 0.0% | Hiebl et al. (2019) |
| Europe | 2011–2013 | 525 dogs exposed to CIRDC | CIV in URT swabs by RT-PCR (n = 511) CIV antibodies in sera by cELISA (n = 220) |
0.0% 2.7% |
Mitchell et al. (2017) |
BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; Bb, Bordetella bronchiseptica; CIRDC, canine infectious respiratory disease complex; CIV, canine influenza virus; cELISA, competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HI, haemagglutination inhibition test; IFA, immunofluorescence antibody test; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; SN, serum neutralization test; TTW, transtracheal wash; URT, upper respiratory tract.