Table 6.

Prevalence of canine parainfluenza virus in European studies 2000–2019

Country	Year	Population	Method	Detection rate	Reference
UK	Not recorded	211 humanely destroyed shelter dogs 150 shelter dogs on arrival	CPiV in tracheal samples by RT-PCR CPiV in lung samples by RT-PCR CPiV-specific antibodies by ELISA	19.4% 10.4% 44.0%	Erles et al. (2004)
Germany	2011–2012	61 dogs with CIRDC 90 healthy dogs	CPiV in nasal and pharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR	37.7% 7.8%	Schulz et al. (2014b)
Italy	2011–2013	78 dogs with CIRDC	CPiV in nasal and oropharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR	20.5%	Decaro et al. (2016)
Finland	2011–2013	20 dogs with bacterial pneumonia 13 dogs with chronic Bb infection	CPiV in BALF/TTW by RT-PCR	35.0% 0.0%	Viitanen et al. (2015)
Poland	2014–2015	40 dogs with CIRDC	CPiV in URT swabs and tracheal lavage fluid by PCR	67.5%	Kaczorek et al. (2016)
Austria	2013–2015	214 dogs with CIRDC 50 healthy dogs	CPiV in nasal and tonsil swabs by RT-PCR	6.5%	Hiebl et al. (2019)

BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; Bb, Bordetella bronchiseptica; CIRDC, canine infectious respiratory disease complex; CPiV, canine parainfluenza virus; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR; TTW, transtracheal wash; URT, upper respiratory tract.