Table 8.
Prevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus in European studies 2000–2019
| Country | Year | Population | Method | Detection rate | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 1997–2007 | 68 dogs with pneumonia | CRCoV in lung samples by RT-PCR | 15.6% | Woehrer et al. (2016) |
| Austria | 2013–2015 | 214 dogs with CIRDC 50 healthy dogs |
CRCoV in nasal and tonsil swabs by RT-PCR | 7.5% | Hiebl et al. (2019) |
| Italy | 1999–2006 | 590 dog sera | CRCoV-specific antibodies in serum by ELISA | 20.0% | Priestnall et al. (2007) |
| Italy | 2005–2006 2004–2006 |
216 dog sera 109 canine lung samples |
CRCoV-specific antibodies by ELISA CRCoV in lung samples by RT-PCR |
32.1% 0.92% |
Decaro et al. (2007) |
| Italy | 2011–2013 | 78 dogs with CIRDC | CRCoV in nasal and oropharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR | 8.97% | Decaro et al. (2016) |
| UK | Not recorded | 111 shelter dogs 119 humanely destroyed shelter dogs |
CRCoV-specific antibodies in sera by ELISA CRCoV in tracheal samples by RT-PCR |
30.1–99.0% 26.9% |
Erles et al. (2003) |
| UK | 2001–2002 | 90 kennelled dogs (A) 62 kennelled dogs (B) 64 kennelled dogs (A) |
CRCoV-specific antibodies in blood by ELISA CRCoV in swabs by RT-PCR |
22.2–83.0% 54.2–90%% 4.7% |
Erles and Brownlie (2005) |
| UK and Ireland | Not recorded | 896 dog sera | CRCoV-specific antibodies in serum by ELISA | 35.6% | Priestnall et al. (2006) |
| Austria | Not recorded | 129 client-owned dogs with CIRDC | CRCoV-specific antibodies in serum by IFA CRCoV in oropharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR (n = 34) |
61.2% 8.8% |
Spiss (2012) |
| Germany | 2011–2012 | 61 dogs with CIRDC 90 healthy dogs |
CRCoV in nasal and pharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR | 9.8% 0.0% |
Schulz et al. (2014b) |
| Finland | 2011–2013 | 20 dogs with bacterial pneumonia 13 dogs with chronic Bb infection |
CRCoV in BALF/TTW by RT-PCR | 5.0% 0.0% |
Viitanen et al. (2015) |
| Europe | 2011–2013 | 525 dogs exposed to CIRDC | CRCoV in URT swabs by PCR CRCoV antibodies in sera by ELISA |
7.7% 47.0% |
Mitchell et al. (2017) |
BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; Bb, Bordetella bronchiseptica; CIRDC, canine infectious respiratory disease complex; CRCoV, canine respiratory coronavirus; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IFA, immunofluorescence antibody test; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR; TTW, transtracheal wash; URT, upper respiratory tract.