Table 9.
Prevalence of Mycoplasma species in European studies 2000–2019
| Country | Year | Population | Method | Detection rate | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovenia | 2008–2013 | 34 healthy dogs | M spp. in oral swabs by PCR | 2.9% (M. cynos) 11.8% (M. canis) |
Scholten et al. (2017) |
| M spp. specific antibodies by DIBA | 73.5% (M. cynos) 70.6% (M. canis) |
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| UK | Not recorded | 42 dogs from a shelter | M. cynos-specific seroconversion by western blotting | 29.0% (CIRDC) 7.0% (healthy) |
Rycroft et al. (2007) |
| Austria | 1997–2007 | 68 dogs with pneumonia | M spp. in lung samples by RT-PCR | 2.9% | Woehrer et al. (2016) |
| UK | 1999–2002 | 210 humanely destroyed dogs from shelter (A) | M spp. in BALF and tracheal samples by culture and PCR | 23.9% (CIRDC) 9.7% (healthy) |
Chalker et al. (2004) |
| 2001–2002 | 153 dogs from training kennel (B) | 0.0% (CIRDC) 0.9% (healthy) |
|||
| Belgium | 2006–2014 | 17 dogs with Bb infection 10 healthy dogs |
M. cynos in BALF by culture and qPCR | 53.0% 20.0% |
Canonne et al. (2016) |
| Germany | 2010–2012 | 29 dogs with respiratory disease | M spp. in BALF and pharyngeal swabs by culture and PCR | 91.7% (pharyngeal) 37.9% (BALF) |
Schulz et al. (2015) |
| 16 dogs without respiratory disease | 86.7% (pharyngeal) 18.8% (BALF) |
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| Italy | 2011–2013 | 78 dogs with CIRDC | M. cynos in nasal and oropharyngeal swabs by RT-PCR | 7.69% | Decaro et al. (2016) |
| Finland | 2011–2013 | 20 dogs with bacterial pneumonia 13 dogs with chronic Bb infection |
M spp. in BALF/TTW by RT-PCR | 40.0% 23.1% |
Viitanen et al. (2015) |
| EU | 2011–2013 | 525 dogs exposed to CIRDC | M spp. in URT swabs by PCR M. cynos antibodies in sera by ELISA |
0.9% 45.0% |
Mitchell et al. (2017) |
| Austria | 2013–2015 | 214 dogs with CIRDC 50 healthy dogs |
M. cynos in nasal and throat swabs by PCR and culture | 2.3% 0.0% |
Stejskal et al. (2017) |
| Belgium | 2009–2016 | 24 dogs with eosinophilic bronchopneumonia 21 dogs with chronic bronchitis 15 healthy dogs |
M. canis and M. cynos in BALF by qPCR | 25.0% (M. canis) 8.3% (M. cynos) 9.5% (each M spp.) 13.0% (each M spp.) |
Canonne et al. (2018) |
BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; Bb, Bordetella bronchiseptica; CIRDC, canine infectious respiratory disease complex; DIBA, dot-immunobinding assay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; M, Mycoplasma; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR; qPCR, quantitative PCR; TTW, transtracheal wash; URT, upper respiratory tract.