TABLE 5.

Predictors of persistent GERD symptoms among those taking a daily PPI (n=3,229).

Variable	Persistent GERD symptoms while on daily PPIa (n=1,858)	OR [95% CI]b
Age:
18–29 y	213 (64.9%)	reference
30–39 y	451 (69.2%)	1.18 [0.86–1.63]
40–49 y	448 (60.3%)	0.76 [0.56–1.05]
50–59 y	481 (52.3%)	0.56 [0.40–0.77]
≥60 y	265 (45.6%)	0.46 [0.31–0.69]
Gender:
Female	1,270 (57.6%)	reference
Male	588 (49.4%)	0.78 [0.62–0.99]
Race/ethnicity:
Non-Hispanic white	1,544 (51.1%)	reference
Non-Hispanic black	92 (45.9%)	0.83 [0.51–1.34]
Latino	150 (72.8%)	2.44 [1.42–4.20]
Asian	22 (62.8%)	1.13 [0.47–2.69]
Other	50 (51.7%)	0.92 [0.53–1.59]
Education level:
Did not graduate high school	66 (64.7%)	reference
High school graduate	444 (53.9%)	0.66 [0.33–1.29]
Some college	634 (55.7%)	0.73 [0.37–1.41]
College graduate	550 (51.9%)	0.62 [0.32–1.22]
Graduate degree	164 (52.1%)	0.67 [0.30–1.46]
Marital status:
Single	245 (52.4%)	reference
Divorced, separated, or widowed	349 (55.9%)	1.55 [1.05–2.29]
Married or in long term relationship	1,264 (53.7%)	1.37 [1.02–1.84]
Employment status:
Unemployedc	923 (49.7%)	reference
Employed or full-time student	935 (59.9%)	1.27 [0.96–1.67]
Total household income:
$0–50,000	1,013 (57.5%)	reference
$50,001–100,000	584 (53.5%)	0.81 [0.61–1.07]
$100,001–200,000	180 (48.7%)	0.65 [0.45–0.93]
≥$200,001	24 (57.4%)	0.94 [0.40–2.22]
Prefer not to say	57 (33.9%)	0.41 [0.24–0.69]
Irritable bowel syndrome	263 (62.8%)	1.39 [1.03–1.88]
Chronic idiopathic constipation	41 (64.7%)	1.17 [0.45–3.05]
Gastrointestinal cancer	12 (23.7%)	0.21 [0.09–0.48]
Celiac disease	25 (64.2%)	0.98 [0.39–2.48]
Cirrhosis	20 (44.6%)	0.68 [0.31–1.48]
Crohn’s disease	47 (86.1%)	5.16 [2.22–12.00]
Ulcerative colitis	35 (42.0%)	0.49 [0.28–0.87]
Diabetes	254 (48.9%)	0.83 [0.61–1.14]
Endometriosis	120 (57.1%)	0.95 [0.60–1.51]
Gallstones	226 (54.9%)	1.02 [0.68–1.51]
HIV/AIDS	10 (54.9%)	2.20 [0.17–28.97]
Pancreatitis	50 (58.7%)	1.27 [0.65–2.46]
Peptic ulcer disease	157 (60.1%)	1.19 [0.82–1.73]
Thyroid disease	215 (55.3%)	1.23 [0.86–1.75]
Histamine-2 receptor blocker use:
Not taking	1,789 (53.5%)	reference
Less than daily use	21 (71.1%)	1.52 [0.57–4.09]
Daily use	32 (74.2%)	2.37 [0.96–5.86]
Unknown frequency of use	16 (70.4%)	2.06 [0.66–6.41]
Antacid use:
Not taking	1,789 (53.6%)	reference
Less than daily use	33 (56.7%)	1.30 [0.57–2.96]
Daily use	20 (72.4%)	1.81 [0.67–4.92]
Unknown frequency of use	16 (97.2%)	29.79 [3.46–256.57]

Data are presented as n (population-weighted %).

CI, confidence interval; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; OR, odds ratio; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.

^aDefined as heartburn or regurgitation occurring ≥2 days in the last week among those on a daily PPI.

^bThe logistic regression model included all variables listed in the table above.

^cIncludes those who reported being unemployed, on disability, on leave of absence from work, retired, or homemaker.