Table 1.
Examples of substances known from the literature to induce tolerogenic DCs and their mode of action. Most experiments are performed in mouse models of allergic disease.
| Substances for stimulation of DCs | Disease | Mode of action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arabinogalactan | Murine asthma model | IL-10 production by DCs | 98 |
| Cowshed dust extract | Murine asthma model | IL-10 production by DCs | 92 |
| Bacterial lipopeptides | Murine asthma model | IL-10 production by DCs, IRAK-M induction, arrest in immature state | 91 |
| Immune complexes Ag and sialylated IgG | Delayed type hypersensitivity (mouse model) | Arrest in immature state, inhibition of IL-12/23 and IL-6 release | 99 |
| Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus casei | In vitro studies with human cells | DC-SIGN ligation activation of IL-10 producing Treg | 100 |
| Lactococcus lactis | Murine asthma model | TLR13 activation | 94 |
| Complement (C5a) | Murine asthma model | Attraction of pDCs? | 101 , 102 |
| Staphylococcal enterotoxin B | Intestinal allergic inflammation | Foxp3 induction in DCs release of TGFβ | 57 |
| Fungal β-glucan | Autoimmune diabetes | Dectin-1 ligation, induction of Treg | 95 |
| IL-10 | Allergic sensitization (house dust mite) | In vitro induction of Treg | 103 |
| Flagellin | Allergic sensitization (birch pollen) | IL-10 production of DCs via a mTOR pathway | 93 |
| Cisplatin | In vitro studies with murine cells | IL-10 production of DCs via MAPK pathway | 104 |
DC: dendritic cell; pDC: plasmacytoid DC; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; DC-SIGN: DC-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin; Treg: regulatory T cell.