TABLE 1.
Demographic data and questionnaires scores (mean ± SD) for each group, including effect sizes of the group differences (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01).
| Good-SMR responders (n = 4) | Bad-SMR responders (n = 5) | SHAM (n = 8) | Effect size | |
| Age (years) | 54.75 ± 8.46 | 53 ± 9.77 | 56.25 ± 11.99 | 0.020 |
| FM years diagnosed (years) | 9.5 ± 6.25 | 12.2 ± 8.98 | 9.75 ± 4.46 | 0.038 |
| Depression comorbidity | 3 | 4 | 6 | – |
| BDI | 20 ± 7.55 | 35.8 ± 14.82 | 33.13 ± 12.4 | 0.198 |
| SF-36 | ||||
| Physical functioning | 40 ± 22.73 | 19 ± 13.42 | 33.57 ± 18.42 | 0.202 |
| Role limitations: physical | 28.25 ± 35.95 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | – |
| Role limitations: emotional | 29 ± 8 | 20 ± 27.39 | 12 ± 18.57 | 0.124 |
| Vitality | 21.25 ± 16.52 | 7 ± 15.65 | 15.71 ± 14.27 | 0.136 |
| Mental health | 51 ± 11.49 | 39.2 ± 27.77 | 34 ± 12.17 | 0.145 |
| Social functioning | 47.25 ± 11.93 | 15.2 ± 20.81 | 28.71 ± 23.77 | 0.292 |
| Pain | 39.75 ± 21.5† | 9.2 ± 12.6† | 16.29 ± 15.89 | 0.388* |
| General health perception | 41.25 ± 14.36† | 12 ± 12.55† | 26.43 ± 11.8 | 0.478* |
| Change in health | 43.75 ± 12.5† | 5 ± 11.18† | 17.86 ± 18.9 | 0.523** |
| WHYMPI | ||||
| Pain and interference | ||||
| Social support | 0.5 ± 1 | 2.33 ± 2.43 | 0.42 ± 0.94 | 0.278 |
| Negative Mood | 3.31 ± 1.01 | 4.15 ± 0.8 | 4.03 ± 0.75 | 0.161 |
| Social Interference | 2.84 ± 1.5 | 5 ± 1.08 | 4.04 ± 1.29 | 0.311 |
| Activity interference | 4.25 ± 1.34 | 5.35 ± 0.95 | 4.66 ± 1.27 | 0.124 |
| Pain Severity | 3.25 ± 1.46 | 5.1 ± 0.78 | 4.22 ± 0.96 | 0.333 |
| Self-Control | 3.5 ± 1.22 | 1.6 ± 1.64 | 2.81 ± 1.16 | 0.258 |
| Support | ||||
| Distracting | 2.78 ± 1.36 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.52 ± 1.76 | 0.033 |
| Solicitous | 3.27 ± 0.95 | 1.76 ± 1.28 | 1.95 ± 1.51 | 0.166 |
| Punitive | 2.89 ± 1.83 | 2 ± 2.01 | 2.46 ± 1.42 | 0.040 |
| Activity interference | ||||
| Outdoor work | 4.54 ± 1.56 | 2.67 ± 1.44 | 3.04 ± 1.15 | 0.259 |
| Away from home | 2 ± 0.73 | 1.08 ± 0.89 | 1.98 ± 1.32 | 0.145 |
| Household work | 0.42 ± 0.5 | 1.13 ± 2 | 1.33 ± 1.65 | 0.060 |
| Social | 1.59 ± 0.83 | 1.33 ± 1.7 | 1.54 ± 1.52 | 0.006 |
| MPQ | ||||
| Sensory | 10.25 ± 1.26 | 9.2 ± 1.64 | 12.88 ± 10.37 | 0.057 |
| Miscellaneous | 2.25 ± 0.96 | 3 ± 0 | 3.38 ± 3.2 | 0.043 |
| Affective | 1.25 ± 1.26 | 2.6 ± 0.55 | 2.5 ± 2.88 | 0.074 |
| Evaluative | 0.75 ± 0.5 | 1 ± 0 | 1.13 ± 1.25 | 0.031 |
| PASS | ||||
| Cognitive anxiety | 15.75 ± 11.56 | 10.92 ± 9.86 | 21.56 ± 13.49 | 0.148 |
| Physiologic anxiety | 10.15 ± 8.4 | 8.12 ± 8.26 | 16.34 ± 13.3 | 0.120 |
| Escape and avoidance | 13.93 ± 7.07 | 12.32 ± 13.54 | 22.29 ± 13.75 | 0.143 |
| Fearful thinking | 10.5 ± 11.62 | 11.4 ± 12.05 | 20.18 ± 15.86 | 0.115 |
| TSK | 27.75 ± 12.15 | 51.8 ± 13.72 | 38.13 ± 15.72 | 0.311 |
| PVAQ | 45.5 ± 8.89 | 51 ± 11.29 | 48.13 ± 12.52 | 0.036 |
| CSQ | ||||
| Catastrophizing | 9.75 ± 9.54 | 26.4 ± 7.37 | 18 ± 10.95 | 0.318 |
| Increasing activity levels | 14.25 ± 7.89 | 10.8 ± 6.61 | 16.38 ± 6.19 | 0.132 |
| Coping self-statements | 16.75 ± 8.81 | 12.4 ± 9.66 | 17.13 ± 3.27 | 0.099 |
| Ignoring pain | 22.25 ± 6.18 | 14.8 ± 8.81 | 23.13 ± 4.19 | 0.295 |
| Reinterpreting pain | 10 ± 10.86 | 6.2 ± 4.49 | 10.5 ± 7.45 | 0.069 |
| Hoping | 7.75 ± 3.59 | 9.8 ± 5.17 | 6.38 ± 3.5 | 0.135 |
| Praying | 3 ± 5.35 | 8.2 ± 6.8 | 4.38 ± 5.24 | 0.131 |
| Coping self-statements | 9.5 ± 1.73 | 8.4 ± 5.41 | 10.63 ± 2.88 | 0.077 |
| MOS | ||||
| Emotional support | 28.25 ± 13.57 | 24.4 ± 11.06 | 21.75 ± 6.84 | 0.077 |
| Tangible support | 14.5 ± 7.14 | 12.4 ± 3.29 | 11.75 ± 5.06 | 0.052 |
| Positive interaction | 14.5 ± 6.81 | 13 ± 5.2 | 11.75 ± 4.03 | 0.054 |
| Affection | 13 ± 4 | 11.4 ± 3.91 | 9.25 ± 2.55 | 0.207 |
| Overall support index | 70.25 ± 28.81 | 61.2 ± 22.71 | 50.75 ± 22.78 | 0.116 |
| FIQ | 40.81 ± 5.13 | 68.37 ± 20.2 | 65.16 ± 15.16 | 0.409* |
BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory; SF-36, MOS 36-item Short-form Health Survey; WHYMPI, West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory; MPQ, McGill Pain Questionnaire; PASS, Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale; TSK, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; PVAQ, Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire; CSQ, Coping Strategies Questionnaire; MOS, MOS Social Support Survey; FIQ, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire; †, good-SMR responders > bad-SMR responders (p > 0.05).