Table 1.
Examples of non-nucleic acid amplification-based POC testing platforms for detecting respiratory viruses [5,27,30,32,35–54,56,57].
| Assay type | Technology | Pathogens detected | Specimen | Specimen | Performance | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alere BinaxNOW® Influenza A + B Card (Alere Inc., Waltham, MA, U.S.A.) |
LFIC | A/B | 15 | NW/NA/NS/NPS | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A | 44.4–83 | 93–100 | |||||
| B | 25–70.8 | 96–100 | |||||
| Alere BinaxNOW® RSV Card (Alere Inc., Waltham, MA, U.S.A.) |
LFIC | RSV | 15 | NW | RSV | Sens (%) | Spec (%) |
| 41–93 | 82–100 | ||||||
| Alere™ Influenza A + B | LFIC | A/B | 10 | NS | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| (Alere Inc., Waltham, MA, U.S.A.) | A | 93.8 | 95.8 | ||||
| B | 77.4 | 98 | |||||
| QuickVue® Influenza A + B (Quidel Corporation, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.) |
LFIC | A/B | 15 | NS/NPS/NW/NPW | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A | 20–98 | 89–100 | |||||
| B | 21–87 | 90–100 | |||||
| QuickVue® RSV (Quidel Corporation, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.) |
LFIC | RSV | 15 | NPS/NW/NPW/NPA | RSV | Sens (%) | Spec (%) |
| 58–92 | 90–100 | ||||||
| Sofia® (Quidel Corporation, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.) |
LFIC | A/B | 15 | NS/NPS/NW/NPW | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A | 71.4–97 | 95–98.2 | |||||
| B | 33.3–96 | 96–99.5 | |||||
| RSV | 69–85 | 94–100 | |||||
| mariPOC® Respi test (ArcDia International Oy Ltd, Turku, Finland) |
PE | A/B, RSV (hMPV); (PIV) types 1, 2 and 3; CoV, AdV, and S. pneumoniae |
20–120 (final results) |
NA/NW/NS/NPS | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A | 54.2–92 | 98.9–100 | |||||
| B | 88 | 99.5–100 | |||||
| RSV | 50–92 | 98–100 | |||||
| BD Directigen™ EZ Flu A + B (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, U.S.A.) |
LFIC | A/B, | 15 | NPS/NPA | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A/B | 20.6–62.2 | 97.1–100 | |||||
| BD veritor™ Influenza A + B, BD veritor™ RSV (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, U.S.A.) |
LFIC | A/B, RSV | 10 | NPS/NPA/NPW | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A | 89.6–90.2 | 99.07 | |||||
| B | 87.5–98.8 | 100 | |||||
| RSV | 61.3–91.6 | 94.5–100 | |||||
| SD Bioline Influenza Ag (Standard Diagnostics Inc., Gyeonggi, Korea) | LFIC | A/B | 15 | TS/NS/NPS/NPA | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A/B | 54.5–91.8 | 96.8–100 | |||||
| ESPLINE® Influenza A&B-N (Fujirebio, Inc., Japan) |
EIA | A/B | 15 | TS/NPS/NPA | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A | 86.8–91.2 | 95.8–97.1 | |||||
| B | 81.2–94.4 | 98–99.7 | |||||
LFIC: lateral flow immunochromatography assay; A: influenza A; B: influenza B; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; hMPV: human metapneumovirus; PIV: parainfluenzavirus; AdV: adenovirus; CoV: coronavirus; NW: nasal wash; NA: nasal aspirate; NS: nasal swab; NPS: nasopharyngeal swab; NPW: nasopharyngeal wash; TS: throat swab; NPA: negative percent agreement; Sens: sensitivity; Spec: specificity; EIA: enzymeimmunoassay.