Table 2.
Examples of nucleic acid amplification-based POC testing platforms for detecting respiratory pathogens [36,60–79].
| Assay type | Technology | Pathogens detected | Specimen | Specimen | Performance | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alere™ i Influenza A & B (Alere Inc., Waltham, MA, U.S.A.) |
LAMP NEAR |
A/B | 15 | NS/VTM | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A | 77.8–97.9 | 62.5–100 | |||||
| B | 75–92.5 | 53.6–99 | |||||
| Alere™ i RSV (Alere Inc., Waltham MA, U.S.A.) |
LAMP NEAR |
RSV | 13 | NS/VTM | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| RSV | 98.6–100 | 97–98 | |||||
| Xpert®Xpress Flu (Cepheid Inc. Sunnyvale, CA, U.S.A.) |
rRT-PCR | A/B | 20–30 | NPS | PPA (%) | NPA (%) | |
| A | 98.42 | 100 | |||||
| B | 98 | 98.6 | |||||
| Xpert®Xpress Flu/RSV (Cepheid Inc. Sunnyvale, CA, U.S.A.) |
rRT-PCR | A/B & RSV | 20–30 | NPS | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A | 97.8 | 100 | |||||
| B | 100 | 99.4 | |||||
| RSV | 90.6 | 99.4 | |||||
| PPA (%) | NPA (%) | ||||||
| A | 100 | 95.2 | |||||
| B | 100 | 99.5 | |||||
| RSV | 97.1 | 99.6 | |||||
| Xpert® Flu (Cepheid Inc. Sunnyvale, CA, U.S.A.) |
rRT-PCR | A/B & 2009 H1N1 | 75 | NPS/NA/NW | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A | 90–100 | 95.2–98.1 | |||||
| B | 100 | 99.1–99.6 | |||||
| 2009 H1N1 | 97.1–100 | 99.6 | |||||
| Xpert® Flu/RSV XC (Cepheid Inc. Sunnyvale, CA, U.S.A.) |
rRT-PCR | A/B and RSV | 40–63 | NPS/NA/NW | PPA (%) | NPA (%) | |
| A | 85.7–100 | 98.9–100 | |||||
| B | 92–100 | 100 | |||||
| RSV | 98.5–100 | 99.6–100 | |||||
| Cobas® Influenza A&B and RSV (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) |
rRT-PCR | A/B and RSV | 20 | NPS | PPA (%) | NPA (%) | |
| A | 98.4–99.6 | 96.5 | |||||
| B | 97.9–99.3 | 99.4 | |||||
| RSV | 96.8–97.8 | 98.4 | |||||
| Cobas® Influenza A/B (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) |
rRT-PCR | A/B | 20 | NPS | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A | 97.5–97.7 | 97.9–98.6 | |||||
| B | 96.9–99.2 | 97.9–99.4 | |||||
| FilmArray Respiratory Panel (Biofire/Biomerieux) |
End-point melt curve analysis | AdV; CoV (229E, HKU1, OC43, NL63); A (H1/2009, H1, H3); B; hMPV; PIV1-4; RSV; RhV/EV Bordetella pertussis C.pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae |
60 | NPS | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A | 90–100 | 99.1–99.8 | |||||
| B | 100 | 100 | |||||
| RSV | 100 | 89.1–100 | |||||
| AdV | 88.9–100 | 99.2–100 | |||||
| BocV | 66.7–100 | 98.4–99.8 | |||||
| RhV/EV | 92.7–92.9 | 94.6–96.2 | |||||
| PIV1 | 100 | 99.2–99.9 | |||||
| PIV2 | 87.4–90 | 99.8–100 | |||||
| PIV3 | 95.8–100 | 99.8–100 | |||||
| PIV4 | 72.7–100 | 99.9–100 | |||||
| Simplexa™ Flu A/B + RSV (Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA, U.S.A.) |
rRT-PCR | A/B, RSV | 60 | NPS/NTS/BAL | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | |
| A | 91.7–100 | 100 | |||||
| B | 89.1–100 | 100 | |||||
| RSV | 80.7–90.1 | 100 | |||||
LAMP: loop-mediated isothermal amplification; NEAR: nicking enzyme amplification reaction; rRT-PCR: real-time, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; A: influenza A; B: influenza B; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; hMPV: human metapneumovirus; PIV: parainfluenzavirus; AdV: adenovirus; CoV: coronavirus; RhV/EV: rhino/enteroviruses; BocV: bocavirus; NW: nasal wash; NA: nasal aspirate; NS: nasal swab; NPS: nasopharyngeal swab; VTM:viral transport media; PPA: positive percent agreement; NPA: negative percent agreement; Sens: sensitivity; Spec: specificity.