Table 1.
Diagnostic tests for VAP/HAP.
| Diagnostic Method | Sample | Technology | Target profiles | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FilmArray Respiratory panel | Blood.NP swabs | Multiplex-PCR and DNA melting curve analysis | Gram(+), gram(-), atypicals, fungi, resistance genes: mecA, vanA, vanB, KPC | 1–1,5 h |
| GeneXpert system | Blood, nasal swabs | Multiplex -rt-PCR | MRSA, MSSA | 1 h |
| GeneOhm | blood | Multiplex -rt-PCR | MRSA, MSSA | 1-2h |
| Light Cycler Septifast MecA |
Nasal swabs blood | PCR and amplification of MRDA DNA | MRSA | 4-6h |
| Nanosphere Verigene |
blood | Multiplex rt-PCR | Gram(+), gram(-) Gram(+)resistance genes: mecA,vanA,vanB Gram(-) res.genes: blaCTX-M, IMP,KPC, NDM, OXA, VIM |
2,5h for gram(+) and 2h for gram(-) |
| PCR/ESI-MS | Blood, sputum | PCR/electrospray mass spectrometry | Bacteria, viruses, fungi and resistance genes | 6h |
| Check KPC/ESBL microarray | blood | DNA microarrays | blaCTX-M genes | 7–8h |
| PNA-FISH | blood | Fluorescent in-situ hybridization | Gram(-) and gram(+) bacteria | 2,5h |
| VOC fingerprints | Exhaled breath | Solid microextraction &gas chromatography -MS | VOCs biomarkers | 2-4h |