Table 2.

Avian influenza VLP vaccines in animal models.

H5N1	HA+NA+M1	100%, homologous and heterologous virus (A/Viet Nam/1203/2004, A/Indonesia/05/2005) 100%, homologous virus (A/chicken/Korea/ES/2003, H5N1)	Mice Ferrets Chicken	[31–33]
	HA + NA+ Bgag/M8 HA + NA+ Bgag/Alum HA + NA+ Bgag/Addavax HA + NA+ Bgag/Poly(I:C)	100%, rgH5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/2004, A/Thailand/1(KAN-1)/2004,A/Puerto Rico/8/1934)	Mice	[87]
	HA+M1 HA	100%, homologous virus (A/Viet Nam/1203/2004) H5N1 HPAI H5N1 HPAI	Mice Chicken	[34,59]
	HA+NA+M1+ M2	100%, homologous virus (A/Hanoi/30,408/2005, H5N1)	Mice	[35]
	COBRA HA+M1 COBRA HA+M1/Alum	A/Whooper Swan/Mongolia/244/2005	Mice Ferrets	[30]
	HA+NA+Gag	homologous virus (A/Viet Nam/1203/04) and heterologous virus(A/Indonesia/5/05)	Mice	[36]
	HA+NA+M1/CFA	100%, A/meerkat/Shanghai/SH-1/2012 (clade2.3.2.1) (H5N1)	Mice	[37]
	HA+NA+M1/NP	With NP: 100%, heterologous virus A/goose/GD/1996, H5N1, clade 2.3.4 Without NP: 50%, heterologous virus clade 2.3.4	Chicken	[38]
H7N9	HA+NA+M1+ Iscomatrix	NA, A/Shanghai/1/2013	Human Ferrets	[24,39,40,60,80]
	HA+NA+M1+ Iscomatrix	Homologous A/Anhui/1/2013
	Plant derived-HA-VLP Plant derived-HA+ alum	100%, A/Anhui/1/2013	Mice Ferrets
	HA+NA+M1/Novasome rH9/Novasome	A/Hong Kong/1073/99 (H9N2)	Rat Ferrets Mice
	TM of H3N2 HA+H7-HA+M1	A/Chicken/Guangdong/53/2014 A/Chicken/Guangdong/MCX/2014 A/Chicken/Guangdong/ZSM/2017	Mice
H7N3, H7N9, H5N1	HA+ NA+M1+ Iscomatrix	100%, A/Anhui/1/2013	Mice	[81]
H9N2	HA+M1/ISA70 HA+NA/Freund’s HA+NA+M1/Novasome HA+NA+M1	NA, homologous H9N2 (A/Chicken/Korea/01310/2001) NA NA, homologous H9N2 (A/Hong Kong/1073/99)	Chicken chickens Mice Ferrets	[23,41,88]
H1, H5	M2e5x+M1 Split vaccine (prime) + M2e5x VLP (Boost)	100%, homologous (A/Viet Nam/1203/2004) Not protected 100%, A/Philippine/2/81 (H3N2), rgH5N1 A/Brisbane/59/2007 (BR/59)	Mice Chicken Mice Ferrets	[42,64,66,68,69]
	M2e5x+HA+M1	100%, homologous virus (A/Viet Nam/1203/2004)	Mice	[42,78]
	M2e5x+ Flagellin	100%, A/Philippines/2/82	Mice
	M2e5x+M1	A/Philippines/2/82 A/California/4/2009 rgH5N1	Mice	[63,64,67]
	LAIV+M2e5xVLP	rgH5N1 A/PR/8/34 A/Philippines/2/1982	Mice	[70]
	HA+NA+M1+ M2	Not available	Mice	[76]
	HA+M1/GPI-ISM	100%, heterologous A/Vietnam/1203/2004	Mice	[83]
H1N1, H3N8, H5N1, H7N3	HA+M1	100%, H1N1, H2N1, H7N9, H7N1, H10N1, H11N1 90%, H5N1, 88.3%, H10N1	Mice	[50]
H1N1, H3N2	HA+M1	100%, H1N1 A/PR/8/34, H3N2 A/Aichi/2/68, H1N1 A/WSN/33	Mice	[47]
H5N8	HA+NA	Not available	Mice	[26]
H5/H7/H9/H10	HA+NA+ gag (immunodeficiency virus gag protein)	Not available	NA	[62]
H5, H7	HA+ DNA plasmid	A/WSN/1933, A/California/07/2009 (CA09), A/Cambodia/P0322095/2005 (CAM05), A/swine/Jiangxi/1/2004, A/chicken/Jiangsu/7/2002, A/Hong Kong/1/1968, A/Guizhou/54/1989, A/Netherlands/219/2003	Mice	[61]
H5	HA (plant-made)	Interact and activate antigen-presenting cells	Mice	[44]