Table 4.
Nutraceutical potentials of Indonesian exotic fruit seeds.
| Bioactive compound | Mango | Sweet orange | Papaya | Snake fruit | Durian | Jackfruit | Rambutan | Avocado | Efficacy and health benefit | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic compounds | |||||||||||
| Polyphenols (mg GAE/100 g dry seeds) | 754 ± 24.0 | 212 ± 8.4 | 1945.48 ± 45.55 | nd | 367 ± 26.0 | 243 ± 27.0 | 305.0 | 839 ± 27.0 | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antithrombogenic, and anticarcinogenic actions | [78–81, 86] | |
| Flavonoids (mg CE/100 g dry seeds) | 870-950 | 8000 | 117.48 ± 15.54 | nd | nd | 2.03 ± 0.06 | 1330 | 47.97 ± 2.6 | Boost immunity, antiallergy, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antitumor, antivirus, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, diuretic, and vasoprotection | [79–81, 86–89] | |
| Tannins (mg/100 g seed) | 210-360 | 0 | nd | nd | nd | 0.06-0.229 | 0.15 | nd | Accelerate the healing of wounds and anti-inflammation (swollen boils, hemorrhoids, frostbite, and burns) | [86, 87, 89, 90] | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Phenolic acids | |||||||||||
| Quercetin (mg/100 g seed) | nd | nd | 11 ± 1.00 | 0.13 | nd | nd | nd | nd | Hypoglycemic activity by increasing insulin production in pancreatic β cells | [91, 92] | |
| Caffeic acid (mg/100 g seed) | 89.43-326.9 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 19 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | UDL | nd | 13.69 ± 1.27 | Antioxidant and antibacterial activity in vitro and prevention of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases | [91, 93–95] | |
| Coumaric acid (mg/100 g seed) | 39.65 ± 1.98 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 13 ± 2.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | Antioxidant, cardioprotective, antimelanogenic, antimutagenic, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities | [83, 91, 94] | |
| Ferulic acid (mg/100 g seed) | 168.63-407.02 | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 26 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | 0.216 | nd | 0.087 ± 0.1 | Hypoglycemic activity by increasing insulin production in pancreatic β cells | [91, 93–96] | |
| Gallic acid (mg/100 g seed) | 3.84 ± 0.2 | nd | nd | UDL | nd | 1.105 ± 0.1 | 2.84 ± 0.33 | 6200 ± 230 | Antioxidant; anti-cardiovascular, anticancer, anti-neurodegenerative; and anti-aging | [81, 84, 90, 96] | |
| Kaempferol (mg/100 g seed) | 155.48 ± 4.34 | nd | 12 ± 2.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | Anticancer, anticardiovascular, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective | [81, 91] | |
| Catechin (mg/100 g seed) | 15 ± 1.5 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 52.08 ± 1.66 | Antioxidant | [81, 97, 98] | |
| Chlorogenic acid (mg/100 g seed) | 16.88 ± 1.14 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 11.68 ± 0.74 | Antidiabetic similar to metformin | [81, 83, 99] | |
| Cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) (mg/100 g seed) | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 3.16 ± 0.12 | Chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities of C3G on osteoclast and osteoblast and anticancer | [81, 100] | |
| Homogentisic acid (mg/100 g seed) | 2.63 ± 2.05 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 11.36 ± 0.54 | Inhibit cell growth in vitro/cytotoxic activity against alkaptonuria | [81, 83, 101] | |
| Tangeretin (mg/100 g seed) | 37.67 ± 1.25 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | Enhances radiosensitivity of GC cells as demonstrated by MTT and colony formation assays | [83, 102] | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Carotenoids | |||||||||||
| Total carotenoids (μg/100 g seed) | 370-790 | 1164-2669 | 5690 ± 400 | nd | nd | nd | 1000-3200 | nd | Antioxidant activity by inhibiting fat peroxide | [86, 90, 93, 103, 104] | |
| Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g seed) | 61.22-74.48 | 7.04 ± 1.76 | 19.5 ± 0.50 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | Stopping free radical activity and inhibiting fat peroxide | [86, 104–106] | |
|
| |||||||||||
| Antiproliferative capacities on cancer cell lines (×100%) ∗ | |||||||||||
| Lung | 0.59 ± 0.03 | nd | nd | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.75 ± 0.03 | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | nd | Inhibit the growth of human lung (A549) cancer cell lines | [83] | |
| Breast | 0.48 ± 0.03 | nd | nd | 1.00 ± 0.02 | 0.78 ± 0.04 | 0.49 ± 0.10 | 0.97 ± 0.01 | 0.9117 | Inhibit the growth of human breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines | [83, 85] | |
| Liver | 0.41 ± 0.01 | nd | nd | 0.99 ± 0.02 | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.04 | 0.94 ± 0.00 | 0.50 | Inhibit the growth of human liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines | [83, 85] | |
| Colon | 0.45 ± 0.05 | nd | nd | 1.00 ± 0.02 | 0.85 ± 0.03 | 0.90 ± 0.02 | 0.98 ± 0.00 | nd | Inhibit the growth of human colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines | [83] | |
nd: not detected; UDL: under detectable limit. ∗Effectively inhibit cell growth at extract ranging from 20 to 100 mg/ml.