Comparison 3. Secondary outcomes: fetal/neonatal: FPO + CTG versus CTG only.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Apgar score less than 4 at 5 minutes	4		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.1 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	2	1789	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.60 [0.11, 63.70]
1.2 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS prior to study entry	1	146	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
1.3 Gestation from 36 weeks, nonreassuring fetal status not required prior to study entry	1	5341	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.06 [0.52, 8.24]
2 Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes	5		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
2.1 Gestation from 34 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	3	2019	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.67 [0.38, 1.18]
2.2 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS required prior to study entry	1	146	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.0 [0.12, 72.45]
2.3 Gestation from 28 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	1	327	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.71 [0.17, 2.91]
3 Length of hospital stay (days)	2		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.1 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	1	600	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.33, 0.33]
3.2 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS prior to study entry	1	146	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐0.32, 0.32]
4 Umbilical arterial pH less than 7.10	4		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4.1 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	2	1701	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.66, 1.53]
4.2 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS prior to study entry	1	146	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.17 [0.02, 1.35]
4.3 Gestation from 28 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	1	327	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.45 [0.17, 1.24]
5 Umbilical arterial base excess less than ‐12	3		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
5.1 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	2	1670	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.05 [0.58, 1.92]
5.2 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS prior to study entry	1	146	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.14, 6.91]
6 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit	6		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
6.1 Gestation from 34 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	3	2019	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.09 [0.84, 1.39]
6.2 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS prior to study entry	1	146	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.30, 3.31]
6.3 Gestation from 28 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	1	327	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.94 [0.55, 1.63]
6.4 Gestation from 36 weeks, nonreassuring fetal status not required prior to study entry	1	5341	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.70, 1.11]
7 Death	4		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
7.1 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	2	1789	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.20, 3.97]
7.2 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS prior to study entry	1	146	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
7.3 Gestation from 36 weeks, nonreassuring fetal status not required prior to study entry	1	5341	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.34 [0.01, 8.44]
8 Death, hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy, or both	4		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.1 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	2	1789	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.20, 4.44]
8.2 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS required prior to study entry	1	146	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
8.3 Gestation from 36 weeks, nonreassuring fetal status not required prior to study entry	1	5341	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.21 [0.01, 4.30]
9 Death, seizures, or both	3		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
9.1 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	2	1789	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.89 [0.22, 3.55]
9.2 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS prior to study entry	1	146	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
10 Death, long‐term neurodevelopmental problem, or both	3		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
10.1 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	2	1789	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.93 [0.20, 4.44]
10.2 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS prior to study entry	1	146	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
11 Skin trauma	2		Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
11.1 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS not required prior to study entry	1	600	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.73 [0.16, 3.21]
11.2 Gestation from 36 weeks, FBS prior to study entry	1	146	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.0 [0.0, 0.0]