Table 1.

PVT1 and circPVT1 structural and functional alterations in hematological malignancies

Hematological malignancy	PVT1	Molecular alteration	Downstream genes (direct or indirect regulation)	Functional role	References
AML	Linear	Genomic amplification, rearrangements (PVT1-CCDC26 PVT1-NSMCE2), upregulation	MYC	↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis, maintenance of an undifferentiated phenotype	[39–44]
AML	Circular	Genomic amplification, rearrangements			[41]
APL	Linear	Genomic amplification, upregulation	MYC	Maintenance of an undifferentiated phenotype, cell cycle progression	[45–47]
AEL	Linear	Upregulation	MYC, p15, p16, BCL2	↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis and necrosis	[17, 48, 49]
B-ALL	Circular	Upregulation	MYC, BCL2	↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis	[50, 51]
T-ALL	Circular	Upregulation	MYC, BCL2	↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis	[50]
T-ALL	Linear	Upregulation	MYC, p15, p16, BCL2, Caspase-3	↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis	[52]
CLL	Linear	t(8;13) (q24;q14) and deletion, upregulation			[53]
BL	Linear	t(2;8), t(8;22)	MYC, CDKN2A, CDN1B, RB1, CCND2, GADD45A, CDC20, CDK4, CD6, ATM, BRCA2	↑ proliferation	[54–58]
HL	Susceptibility loci at 8q24.21 near or in the PVT1 gene	rs2019960, rs2608053			[59, 60]
DLBCL	Susceptibility loci at 8q24.21 in close proximity to PVT1, focal promoter deletions, amplification	rs13255292, and rs4733601	MYC, BCL2	double-hit-like expression pattern (focal deletions of promoter)	[61–64]
FL	Susceptibility locus at 8q24.21 near PVT1	rs13254990			[65]
MM	Linear	Genomic amplification, translocations, upregulation	MYC, BCL2, miR-203	↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis	[48, 66–69]
MM	Circular	Upregulation	BCL2, Caspase-3, PARP	↑ proliferation, ↓ apoptosis, resistance to glucocorticoid treatment	[70]