Supplementary Table 5.
pQCT Radius 66% - descriptive characteristics for total sample and disease groups.
| Mean (SD) | Median | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=424) | |||
| Age (years) | 12.55 (0.16) | 13.04 | 12.23 - 12.87 |
| Bone length (mm) | 233.70 (1.59) | 235.00 | 230.57 - 236.82 |
| Cortical Density (cm3) CoD (mg.cm3) | 823.08 (4.93) | 821.84 | 813.39 - 832.77 |
| Cortical Area (mm3) | 84.55 (1.03) | 82.88 | 82.52 - 86.57 |
| SSI (mm3) | 194.54 (4.10) | 179.40 | 186.48 - 202.59 |
| Total Area (mm2) | 115.46 (1.45) | 112.37 | 112.62 - 118.31 |
| Compressive Bone Strength (BSld/g/cm4) | 0.47 (0.01) | 0.44 | 0.45 - 0.49 |
| Muscle Density (mg/cm3) | 79.25 (0.12) | 79.35 | 79.02 - 79.48 |
| Muscle cross-sectional area (mg/cm2) | 21.14 (0.34) | 19.78 | 20.47 - 21.82 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 9.15 (0.31) | 7.83 | 8.55 - 9.75 |
| Fat percentage (%) | 31.26 (0.49) | 31.98 | 30.30 - 32.23 |
| Mid-cortical ring density (mg.cm3) | 914.87 (4.98) | 912.99 | 905.07 - 924.67 |
| Endocortical radius (mm) | 3.17 (0.03) | 3.09 | 3.11 - 3.22 |
| Pericortical radius (mm) | 6.00 (0.04) | 5.96 | 5.93 - 6.08 |
| Control (Griffiths Dataset) (n=187) | |||
| Age (years)[1], [2], [3] | 10.82 (0.25) | 10.14 | 10.32 - 11.32 |
| Bone length (mm)[1], [2], [3] | 222.58 (2.33) | 215.00 | 217.98 - 227.18 |
| Cortical Density (cm3) CoD (mg.cm3)[1], [2], [3] | 781.08 (7.13) | 778.79 | 767.02 - 795.14 |
| Cortical Area (mm3)[1], [2], [3] | 80.39 (1.63) | 75.25 | 77.17 - 83.61 |
| SSI (mm3)[1], [2], [3] | 179.10 (6.62) | 155.13 | 166.05 - 192.16 |
| Total Area (mm2)[2], [3] | 111.15 (2.25) | 104.75 | 106.71 - 115.59 |
| Compressive Bone Strength (BSld/g/cm4)[1], [2], [3] | 0.40 (0.01) | 0.33 | 0.37 - 0.43 |
| Muscle Density (mg/cm3)[4] | 79.51 (0.11) | 79.40 | 79.29 - 79.74 |
| Muscle cross-sectional area (mg/cm2)[1], [3] | 19.86 (0.52) | 17.59 | 18.84 - 20.89 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2)[3], [4] | 7.76 (0.29) | 7.01 | 7.19 - 8.33 |
| Fat percentage (%)a | 30.88 (0.63) | 31.59 | 29.64 - 32.11 |
| Mid-cortical ring density (mg.cm3)[1], [2] | 889.01 (7.11) | 883.42 | 874.97 - 903.04 |
| Endocortical radius (mm) | 3.14 (0.04) | 3.10 | 3.06 - 3.22 |
| Pericortical radius (mm)[2], [3] | 5.89 (0.06) | 5.78 | 5.78 - 6.00 |
| Neuromuscular disorders (n=10) | |||
| Age (years) | 12.31 (0.98) | 12.23 | 10.10 - 14.53 |
| Bone length (mm) | 225.00 (14.08) | 220.00 | 193.14 - 256.86 |
| Cortical Density (cm3) CoD (mg.cm3) | 786.65 (30.32) | 792.64 | 718.07 - 855.23 |
| Cortical Area (mm3) | 74.88 (5.76) | 74.96 | 61.85 - 87.91 |
| SSI (mm3)[6] | 143.23 (15.16) | 139.43 | 108.95 - 177.52 |
| Total Area (mm2) | 103.20 (7.26) | 108.64 | 86.79 - 119.61 |
| Compressive Bone Strength (BSld/g/cm4) | 0.37 (0.05) | 0.34 | 0.25 - 0.48 |
| Muscle Density (mg/cm3)[4], [5], [6] | 76.01 (1.00) | 76.37 | 73.75 - 78.28 |
| Muscle cross-sectional area (mg/cm2) | 20.32 (1.36) | 18.63 | 17.25 - 23.39 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2)[4] | 15.82 (3.37) | 13.06 | 8.19 - 23.45 |
| Fat percentage (%)a, b, c | 42.30 (2.56) | 42.20 | 36.49 - 48.10 |
| Mid-cortical ring density (mg.cm3) | 875.49 (33.37) | 870.65 | 800.01 - 950.98 |
| Endocortical radius (mm) | 3.04 (0.15) | 3.08 | 2.69 - 3.38 |
| Pericortical radius (mm) | 5.68 (0.21) | 5.87 | 5.20 - 6.17 |
| Chronic Diseases (n=143) | |||
| Age (years)[1] | 13.84 (0.23) | 14.64 | 13.38 - 14.29 |
| Bone length (mm)[1], [7] | 239.24 (2.64) | 240.00 | 234.02 - 244.45 |
| Cortical Density (cm3) CoD (mg.cm3)[1] | 858.93 (7.94) | 857.01 | 843.24 - 874.62 |
| Cortical Area (mm3)[1] | 86.89 (1.78) | 87.68 | 83.36 - 90.41 |
| SSI (mm3)[1] | 207.12 (6.95) | 197.57 | 193.37 - 220.87 |
| Total Area (mm2) | 117.77 (2.51) | 114.88 | 112.82 - 122.72 |
| Compressive Bone Strength (BSld/g/cm4)[1] | 0.52 (0.02) | 0.51 | 0.49 - 0.55 |
| Muscle Density (mg/cm3)[5] | 79.27 (0.17) | 79.35 | 78.94 - 79.60 |
| Muscle cross-sectional area (mg/cm2)[1], [7] | 21.88 (0.57) | 20.47 | 20.75 - 23.01 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2)[7] | 9.53 (0.61) | 8.03 | 8.33 - 10.74 |
| Fat percentage (%)b | 30.89 (0.91) | 31.71 | 29.09 - 32.69 |
| Mid-cortical ring density (mg.cm3)[1] | 943.72 (8.76) | 949.62 | 926.41 - 961.03 |
| Endocortical radius (mm) | 3.18 (0.05) | 3.09 | 3.08 - 3.27 |
| Pericortical radius (mm) | 6.06 (0.07) | 6.01 | 5.93 - 6.19 |
| Endocrine diseases (n=31) | |||
| Age (years)[2] | 14.51 (0.42) | 14.80 | 13.65 - 15.36 |
| Bone length (mm)[2] | 245.48 (4.25) | 250.00 | 236.81 - 254.16 |
| Cortical Density (cm3) CoD (mg.cm3)[2] | 874.25 (17.29) | 893.41 | 838.93 - 909.57 |
| Cortical Area (mm3)[2] | 92.77 (3.15) | 90.72 | 86.33 - 99.21 |
| SSI (mm3)[2], [6] | 229.59 (12.47) | 220.64 | 204.12 - 255.05 |
| Total Area (mm2)[2] | 126.06 (4.74) | 121.12 | 116.37 - 135.74 |
| Compressive Bone Strength (BSld/g/cm4)[2] | 0.57 (0.03) | 0.54 | 0.50 - 0.64 |
| Muscle Density (mg/cm3)[6] | 79.69 (0.53) | 79.83 | 78.61 - 80.77 |
| Muscle cross-sectional area (mg/cm2) | 21.17 (1.20) | 20.97 | 18.71 - 23.63 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2)[8] | 9.31 (1.57) | 6.42 | 6.10 - 12.52 |
| Fat percentage (%)c | 28.75 (2.38) | 24.41 | 23.89 - 33.60 |
| Mid-cortical ring density (mg.cm3)[2] | 950.05 (19.16) | 962.64 | 910.92 - 989.19 |
| Endocortical radius (mm) | 3.31 (0.11) | 3.25 | 3.08 - 3.54 |
| Pericortical radius (mm)[2] | 6.19 (0.12) | 6.19 | 6.05 - 6.53 |
| Inborn Errors of metabolism (n=2) | |||
| Age (years) | 11.16 (0.76) | 11.16 | 1.56 - 20.75 |
| Bone length (mm) | 205.00 (25.00) | 205.00 | -112.66 - 522.66 |
| Cortical Density (cm3) CoD (mg.cm3) | 767.50 (48.13) | 767.50 | 155.90 - 1379.11 |
| Cortical Area (mm3) | 61.76 (24.96) | 61.76 | -255.39 - 378.91 |
| SSI (mm3) | 106.75 (59.54) | 106.75 | -649.83 - 863.33 |
| Total Area (mm2) | 82.72 (37.12) | 82.72 | -388.93 - 554.37 |
| Compressive Bone Strength (BSld/g/cm4) | 0.27 (0.07) | 0.27 | -0.56 - 1.11 |
| Muscle Density (mg/cm3) | 79.36 (2.34) | 79.36 | 49.60 - 109.11 |
| Muscle cross-sectional area (mg/cm2) | 15.51 (4.85) | 15.51 | -46.12 - 77.14 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 3.45 (0.03) | 3.45 | 3.03 - 3.87 |
| Fat percentage (%) | 24.42 (4.39) | 24.42 | -31.40 - 80.24 |
| Mid-cortical ring density (mg.cm3) | 845.05 (103.13) | 845.05 | -465.28 - 2155.39 |
| Endocortical radius (mm) | 2.53 (0.75) | 2.53 | -7.06 - 12.12 |
| Pericortical radius (mm) | 4.99 (1.18) | 4.99 | -10.00 - 19.99 |
| Iatrogenic (n=6) | |||
| Age (years) | 13.57 (1.62) | 15.29 | 9.41 - 17.74 |
| Bone length (mm) | 224.17 (10.36) | 225.00 | 197.53 - 250.80 |
| Cortical Density (cm3) CoD (mg.cm3) | 866.62 (50.25) | 858.91 | 737.46 - 995.78 |
| Cortical Area (mm3) | 82.37 (4.93) | 80.24 | 69.70 - 95.04 |
| SSI (mm3) | 172.15 (19.94) | 172.73 | 120.89 - 223.42 |
| Total Area (mm2) | 104.67 (5.70) | 104.88 | 90.01 - 119.33 |
| Compressive Bone Strength (BSld/g/cm4) | 0.53 (0.09) | 0.52 | 0.31 - 0.75 |
| Muscle Density (mg/cm3) | 79.19 (1.01) | 79.57 | 76.59 - 81.79 |
| Muscle cross-sectional area (mg/cm2) | 18.76 (2.11) | 16.73 | 13.34 - 24.18 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 8.43 (2.83) | 5.70 | 1.16 - 15.71 |
| Fat percentage (%) | 31.74 (4.30) | 30.27 | 20.70 - 42.78 |
| Mid-cortical ring density (mg.cm3) | 958.36 (52.04) | 945.73 | 824.58 - 1092.13 |
| Endocortical radius (mm) | 2.84 (0.13) | 2.91 | 2.51 - 3.16 |
| Pericortical radius (mm) | 5.74 (0.16) | 5.77 | 5.33 - 6.15 |
| Low Motor Competence (AMPitup Dataset) (n=45) | |||
| Age (years)[3] | 14.31 (0.20) | 14.07 | 13.91 - 14.71 |
| Bone length (mm)[3], [7] | 258.67 (3.29) | 260.00 | 252.03 - 265.30 |
| Cortical Density (cm3) CoD (mg.cm3)[3] | 853.20 (10.27) | 851.45 | 832.50 - 873.89 |
| Cortical Area (mm3)[3] | 92.18 (2.25) | 90.72 | 87.66 - 96.71 |
| SSI (mm3)[3] | 212.81 (8.91) | 207.39 | 194.84 - 230.77 |
| Total Area (mm2)[3] | 124.39 (3.73) | 124.00 | 116.88 - 131.90 |
| Compressive Bone Strength (BSld/g/cm4)[3] | 0.53 (0.02) | 0.54 | 0.49 - 0.57 |
| Muscle Density (mg/cm3) | 78.50 (0.68) | 78.75 | 77.12 - 79.88 |
| Muscle cross-sectional area (mg/cm2)[3], [7] | 24.87 (1.08) | 23.51 | 22.68 - 27.05 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2)[3], [7], [8] | 12.46 (0.83) | 12.66 | 10.79 - 14.14 |
| Fat percentage (%) | 33.59 (1.50) | 35.24 | 30.56 - 36.63 |
| Mid-cortical ring density (mg.cm3) | 912.49 (11.80) | 907.13 | 888.71 - 936.28 |
| Endocortical radius (mm) | 3.27 (0.09) | 3.06 | 3.09 - 3.45 |
| Pericortical radius (mm)[3] | 6.25 (0.09) | 6.27 | 6.07 - 6.44 |
All variables are not normally distributed, except for fat percentage (p = 0.307). A Kruskal Wallis test reported significant disease group differences for all pQCT bone measures, age and bone length (p < 0.001); total area (p = 0.001); muscle density (p = 0.006); pericortical radius (p = 0.001), except for endocortical radius (p = 0.482).
Not normally distributed: 1. Significant difference between Control and Chronic Diseases; 2. Significant difference between Control and Endocrine Diseases; 3. Significant difference between Control and Low Motor Competence; 4. Significant difference between Control and Neuromuscular Disorders; 5. Significant difference between Neuromuscular Disorders and Chronic Diseases; 6. Significant difference between Neuromuscular Disorders and Endocrine Diseases; 7. Significant difference between Low Motor Competence and Chronic Diseases; 8. Significant difference between Low Motor Competence and Endocrine Diseases.
A Bonferroni test reported significant disease group differences for fat percentage (p = 0.007).
Normally distributed: Fat Percentage: a. Significant difference between Control and Neuromuscular Disorders; b. Significant difference between Neuromuscular Disorders and Chronic Diseases; c. Significant difference between Neuromuscular Disorders and Endocrine Diseases.