Figure 5b:

Diagram shows centralized versus federated learning. (a) Current artificial intelligence (AI) model development is through centralized model, in which de-identified data are transferred to centralized data storage system where AI algorithm can be developed. (b) In the future, federated learning may be used, in which data stays in each hospital. With federated learning, instead of transferring data outside each hospital, data stays in hospitals and AI model is sent to and trained in hospitals.