Table 2.
Summary of potential products targeting MERS-CoV proteins.
| Therapeutic products | Targets | In vivo/in vitro | Safety/advantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mersmab | S1 RBD | In vitro | — |
| m336, m337, m338 | S1 RBD | In vitro/in vivo (mouse, rabbit-m336) | — |
| MERS-4, MERS-27 | S1 RBD | In vitro | — |
| 4C2 | S1 RBD | In vitro/in vivo (mouse) | Prophylactic and therapeutic |
| hMS-1 | S1 RBD | In vitro/in vivo (mouse) | — |
| LCA60 | S1 RBD | In vitro/in vivo (mouse) | Targets both NTD and RBD, stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, prophylactic and therapeutic |
| 3B11-N | S1 RBD | In vitro/in vivo (rhesus monkeys) | Prophylactic |
| 2F9, 1F7, YS110 | Human-anti-DPP4 | In vitro | — |
| 1E9, IF8, 3A1 | S1 RBD | In vitro | — |
| 3B12, 3C12, 3B11, M14D3 | S1 RBD | In vitro | — |
| RBD s377-588-Fc IgG fusion | RBD-IgG fusion | In vitro/in vivo (mouse) | Humoral response in mice; potential intranasal administration; improved by adjuvant MF59; divergent strains/escape mutants |
| G4 | S1 RBD | In vitro | — |
| Full-length S protein proprietary nanoparticles | S protein | In vitro/in vivo (mouse) | Use of adjuvants improves humoral response |
| MVA expressing full-length S protein | S protein | In vitro/in vivo (mouse, camel) | T cell and humoral response; entering human clinical trials; potential for veterinary use with camels |
| Ad5 or ad41 adenovirus expressing full-length S protein | S protein | In vitro/in vivo (mouse) | T cell and neutralizing antibody responses |
| Measles virus expressing full-length S protein (vaccine candidate) | S protein | In vitro/in vivo (mouse) | T cell and neutralizing antibody responses |
| GLS-5300 plasmid vaccine | S protein | In vitro/in vivo (mouse, camels, and macaques), human clinical trials | T cell and neutralizing antibody responses; in a phase I clinical trial |
| MERS-GD27 and MERS-GD33 | S protein | In vitro | Receptor-binding site and the effect of synergism in neutralizing MERS-CoV |
| HR2P | Anti-HR2 | In vitro | — |
| HR2P-M2 | Anti-HR2 | In vitro/in vivo (mouse) | Blocks 6 HB bundle formation; enhances IFN-β effect; potential intranasal treatments |
| IFNs | IFN antagonists | In vitro/in vivo | Combination therapy allows reduced amounts of each IFN |
| Camostat | TMPRSS2 inhibitor | In vivo (mouse), SARS-CoV | Already in clinical use (chronic pancreatitis) |
| Nafamostat | TMPRSS2 inhibitor | Split-protein-based cell–cell fusion assay | Already in clinical use (anti-coagulant) |
| Teicoplanin dalbavancin oritavancin telavancin | Cathepsin L inhibitor | High-throughput screening | Already in clinical use (antibiotic Gram-positive bacterial infections) |
| 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) | PLpro inhibitor | In vitro | Potential for more MERS-specific agents |
| 6-thioguanine (6TG) | |||
| F2124-0890 | PLpro inhibitor | In vitro | — |
| Lopinaivor | Mpro | In vitro/in vivo (marmosets) | High activity in low micromolar range in vitro; better outcomes, reduced mortality in marmosets |