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Spherical-cap inclusions on vesicles. (a) Inclusions, indicated by small red caps, on a vesicle at low density. White membrane patches indicate catenoidal deformations with vanishing bending energy around the inclusions. (b) An inclusion-decorated vesicle with vanishing total bending energy at optimal inclusion density. Reprinted with permission from [170]. Copyright (2009) by the American Physical Society.
