FIG. 1.

Intranasal delivery of MitoTEMPO reduces IAV-induced body weight loss, mortality, and airway inflammation. C57Bl/6J mice were treated once daily via intranasal administration of MitoTEMPO (100 μg) over a 4–6-day period 1 day before virus infections. Mice were intranasally infected with X31 (10⁴ PFUs in C or 10³ PFUs in D) or PBS control. (A, B) Daily body weight measurements were recorded over the 4–6-day period. Airway inflammation was assessed via counting the total number of live cells that were differentiated into macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils at (C) day 3 p.i and (D) day 5 p.i. Five hundred cells were counted from random fields by standard morphological criteria. In addition, NK cells (NK1.1⁺) were measured by flow cytometry in cells isolated from the lung. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (Control, n = 10–12; MitoTEMPO, n = 10–12; X31 n = 18–20 X31+mito n = 18–20). Statistical analysis was conducted using a two-way ANOVA followed by Holm Sidak's post hoc multiple comparison test in (A) and one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparison test for (C, D). Statistical significance was taken where p < 0.05 (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01). For (B), a Kaplan–Meier curve analysis was performed. Statistical significance was taken where p < 0.05. ANOVA, analysis of variance; IAV, influenza A virus; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PFU, plaque forming unit; SEM, standard error of the mean.