Table 3.

Risk factors for healthcare-associated and MDR pneumonias

Healthcare-associated pneumonia

Chronic haemodialysis

Residence in a nursing home or extended care facility

Contact with a family member with an MDR pathogen

Hospitalization for >2 days during the previous 90 days

I.V. antibiotics, chemotherapy, or wound care within previous 30 days

Immunosuppressive disease or immunomodulating therapy

Multi-drug-resistant organisms

Previous antibiotic therapy within 3 months

Recent hospitalization

Alcoholism

Immunosuppression

Multiple medical comorbidities (particularly structural lung disease)