Table 2.
Examples of adjuvants [20], [19], [21], [22], [144], [145], [146], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168], [169], [170], [171], [172], [173], [174], [175], [176], [177], [178], [179], [180], [181], [182], [183], [184], [185], [186], [187], [188], [189], [190], [191], [192], [193], [194], [195], [196].
| Adjuvant | Composition | Disease | Vaccine Type (comercial name) | Immune response | Research stage | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alum | Alum, 3-O-desacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A (AS04®) (GSK MPL®) | Influenza A | Virus-like particle (M2eVLP) | Improved cross-protection | Murine | 2014 |
| Human Papillomavirus | Protein vaccine (HPV-16 L1/HPV-18 L1) [GSK Cervarix®] | Enhanced antibody response | Clinical study (girls 9–14 years) | 2015 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | DNA vaccine (toxifilin gene) | Enhanced humoral response and switched from Th2 to Th1 | Murine | 2016 | ||
| Hepatitis B | Protein vaccine (HBsAg) [GSK FENDrix®] | Enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune reponses | Clinical study (renal-transplanted patients) | 2017 | ||
| Squalene oil-in-water emulsions | Squalene, MONTANE 80, Eumulgin B1 PH (AF03®) | Influenza | Protein vaccine (haemagluttinin) | Enhanced humoral immune response | Murine | 2014 |
| Squalene, MPL®, Saponin (QS21®) (AS02®) | Pneumonia | Protein vaccine (PhtD) | Increased frequency of CD4+ T cells and memory B cells | Phase I | 2015 | |
| Squalene, Tween 80, sorbitan triolate (MF59®) | HIV-1C | Protein vaccine (gp140) | Enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune reponses | Phase I | 2016 | |
| Squalene, glycerol, egg phosphatidylcholine, poloxamer, ammonium phosphate buffer (Stable Emulsion, SE) | Influenza A/H5 | Protein vaccine (rHA) [Panblock®] | Met criterion for seroconversion rate | Phase II | 2017 | |
| Squalene, Tween 80, α-tocopherol (AS03®) | Influenza A/H5N1 | Inactivated virus vaccine (SV) | Increased levels of IL-6 and IL-10 within 24 h after vaccination | Phase I | 2017 | |
| Liposomes | MPL®, saponin (QS21®) (AS01®) | Malaria | Protein vaccine (RTS,S) [Mosquirix®] | Immunoprotection for 3–4 year infants, enhanced efficiency with booster | Phase III | 2015 |
| Varicella zoster virus | Subunit vaccine (HZ/su) [GSK Shingrix®] | Significant immune protection in adults ≥50 years | Phase III | 2015 | ||
| DDA®, TDB® (CAF01®) | Tuberculosis | Subunit vaccine (H56/CAF01®) | Longlasting immunoprotection and enhanced CD4+ T cell response | Phase I | 2016 | |
| TLR ligand | GLA-AF (TRL4 ligand) | HIV clade C | DNA vaccine/Attenuated vaccine/Protein vaccine (HIV env/gag-pol-nef, MVA-C, HIV CN54dp140) | Enhanced T and B cell immune responses | Murine | 2014 |
| dsRNA analog Poly(I:C) (TRL3 ligand) | Seasonal influenza | Inactivated vaccine (TIV) | Enhanced humoral response | Murine | 2014 | |
| Human Papillomavirus | Subunit vaccine (HIV-1 gp140) | Longlasting IgG/IgA response | Murine | 2016 | ||
| CpG 1018 (TLR9 ligand) (Dynavax HEPLISAV-B®) | Hepatitis B | Protein vaccine (HBsAg) [Dynavax HEPLISAV-B®] | Enhanced superior seroprotection | Phase III | 2015 | |
| CpG 7909 (TLR9 ligand) | Meningococcal infection | Subunit vaccine (dLPS/OMP) | Early and increased IgG/IgM response | Phase I | 2015 | |
| Cationic antimicrobial polypeptide/IC31® (TLR9 ligand) | Tuberculosis | Protein vaccine (H4:IC31®) | High frequency CD4+ T cells and longlasting memory response | Phase I | 2015 | |
| Alum-absorbed GLA/SLA (TRL4 ligand) | Malaria | Protein vaccine (GMZ2.6C) | Enhanced parasite-specific antibody and induced Th1 response | Murine | 2016 | |
| Lipopolypeptide Pam2/Pam3 (TLR2/6, TLR2/1 ligand) | Parasitic helminths | Autoclaved vaccine (ALM + Pam2/Pam3) | Th2 polarization | Murine, parasite | 2016 | |
| dsRNA analog Poly(I:C) (TRL3 ligand) | Cancer | Protein vaccine (Db126 WT-1) | Infiltration of CD8+ T cells in tumor | Murine | 2016 | |
| Human Papillomavirus | Subunit vaccine (HIV-1 gp140/HSV-2 gD) | Longlasting IgG/IgA response | Murine | 2016 | ||
| Alum-absorbed GLA/SLA (TRL4 ligand) | Malaria | Protein vaccine (GMZ2.6C) | Enhanced parasite-specific antibody and induced Th1 response | Murine | 2016 | |
| Alum-absorbed SMIP7.10 (TRL7 ligand) | Meningococcal infection | Conjugated polysaccharide vaccine (MenC-CRM197) | Th1 polarization | Murine | 2016 | |
| Imidazoquinolines (TLR7/TLR8 ligand) | Various | Various | Th1 polarization | Clinical study (newborn) | 2016 | |
| Polysaccharide | Inulin (Advax®) | Hepatitis B | Protein vaccine (HBsAg) | Enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune reponses | Phase I | 2014 |
| Seasonal influenza | Inactivated vaccine (TIV) | Low-dose TIV/Advax® induced efficient immune response | Phase I | 2016 | ||
| Chitosan | Tetanus | Toxoid vaccine (TT) | Enhanced mucosal immune response | – | 2014 | |
| Influenza | Subunit vaccine (HA-split) | Enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune reponses | – | 2014 | ||
| Various | Various | Th1 polarization | – | 2015 | ||
| Genetic Adjuvant | IL-12/IL-15 plasmid | HIV-1 | DNA vaccine | No enhanced immune response, tolerable adjuvanted-vaccine | Phase I | 2012 |
| IL-12 plasmid | DNA vaccine | Induction of CD4+/CD8+ T cell response | Phase I | 2013 | ||
| NF-κB subunit p65/RelA, Type-1 transactivator T-bet | DNA vaccine (HIV pGag, pEnv) | Enhanced T, B cell, and antibody responses | Murine | 2014 | ||
| PPE44/pCI-OVA | Tuberculosis | Live attenuated vaccine/pDNA (BCG) | Enhanced T and B cell immune responses | Murine | 2014 | |
| Cholera Toxin Subunit A | Cholera | DNA vaccine (HIV-1 Tat-Rev-Vif-Integrase-Nef) | Upregulation of IL-6, IL-1β | Murine | 2014 | |
| C-terminal Hsp70 | Infectious bursal disease (chicken) | DNA vaccine (VP2 gene of IBDV) | Enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune reponses | Chicken | 2015 | |
| GM-CSF | Cancer | DNA vaccine (MUC1-VEGFR2) | Inhibition of tumorigenic cell growth | Murine | 2016 | |