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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurosci Res. 2019 Jul 29;97(12):1606–1623. doi: 10.1002/jnr.24505

Table 1:

Here we summarize the described circadian phenotypes from HD models.

Phenotype Models Citations
Low amplitude activity rhythms R6/2, BACHD, Q175, HD rats, HD sheep Morton et al., 2005; Bode et al., 2009; Kudo et al., 2011; Oakeshott et al., 2011; Balci et al., 2013; Loh et al., 2013; Morton et al., 2014; Kuljis et al., 2016
Hypoactivity during active phase BACHD, Q175, Morton et al., 2005; Kudo et al., 2011; Loh et al., 2013; Kuljis et al., 2016;
Hyperactivity during rest phase BACHD, Q175 Kudo et al., 2011; Loh et al., 2013; Kuljis et al., 2016;
Increase in cycle to cycle variation BACHD, Q175 Kudo et al., 2011; Loh et al., 2013; Kuljis et al., 2016;
Disrupted rhythms in sleep, sleep fragmentation R6/2, R6/1, Q175 Fisher et al., 2013; Kantor et al., 2013; Loh et al., 2013; Lebreton et al., 2015; Fisher et al., 2016
Low amplitude rhythms in autonomic driven rhythms in heart rate, core body temperature. R6/1, R6/2, BACHD, Q175 Kudo et al., 2011; Kiriazis et al., 2012; Mielcarek et al., 2014; Schroeder et al., 2016; Cutler et al., 2017
Disrupted rhythms in hormones R6/2 Dufour and McBride, 2016; Rudenko et al., 2019.
Loss of melanopsin expressing retinal ganglia cells that carry light information to the central circadian clock (SCN) R6/2, N171-82Q Ouk et 2016; Lin et al., 2019
Disrupted rhythms in electrical activity in the SCN BACHD, Q175 Kuljis et al., 2016; Kuljis et al., 2018
Disrupted gene expression rhythms in central clock R6/2 Morton et al., 2005
Disrupted gene expression rhythms outside SCN R6/2 Morton et al., 2005; Maywood et al., 2010
Pathology in central clock R6/2, BACHD Fahrenkrug et al., 2007; Kuljis et al., 2016;
Circadian based treatments improving function R6/2, BACHD, Q175 Pallier et al., 2007; Maywood et al., 2010; Cuesta et al., 2014; Skillings et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2017; Whittaker et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2018;