Table 3.
Multilevel Logistic Regression Model Predicting PAINAD Above Cut-off (MMSE 0–9)
| Random Intercept Multilevel Logistic Regression Modela for PAINAD | Null Model | Resident and Nursing Home-Level Model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [CI] | p | OR [CI] | p | |
| Fixed model part | ||||
| Interceptb | 0.33 (0.22) | 0.129 | 2.01 (1.86) | 0.281 |
| Time × group | 0.89 [0.46–1.72] | 0.724 | ||
| Resident-level | ||||
| Resident characteristics | ||||
| Gender (ref.: female) | 0.77 [0.44–1.35] | 0.360 | ||
| Age | 1.01 [0.96–1.05] | 0.885 | ||
| Mini-Mental State Examination | 0.92 [0.86–0.99] | 0.034 | ||
| Diagnoses | ||||
| Dementia (ref.: not present) | 0.76 [0.46–1.27] | 0.292 | ||
| Depression (ref.: not present) | 1.34 [0.64–2.82] | 0.443 | ||
| Musculoskeletal (ref.: not present) | 1.08 [0.58–1.99] | 0.814 | ||
| Neuropathies (ref.: not present) | 1.55 [0.28–8.56] | 0.612 | ||
| Tumor (ref.: not present) | 1.29 [0.69–2.43] | 0.417 | ||
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| Neuropsychiatric Inventory Index | 1.06 [0.91–1.23] | 0.440 | ||
| Nursing home-level | ||||
| Size in terms of resident care places | 0.99 [0.98–1.01] | 0.440 | ||
| Number of registered practical nurses | 0.94 [0.89–0.99] | 0.049 | ||
| Number of nursing assistants | 1.05 [0.99–1.12] | 0.123 | ||
| Random model part | ||||
| Nursing home-levelb | 0.45 (0.30) | 0.136 | 0.15 (0.24) | 0.545 |
| ICCc | 0.1201 | 0.0430 | ||
| −2LL | 1155.68 | 1008.21 | ||
| Sample size, nursing homes | 15 | 15 | ||
| Sample size, residents | 268 | 222 | ||
Notes: aRobust covariance method; baverage log-odds (SE, standard error); clatent variable approach. Bold font indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
Abbreviations: PAINAD, Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia; OR, odds ratio; CI 95%, confidence interval; p, p-value; ref, reference; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; −2LL, log-likelihood ratio.