Table 3.
Demand- and supply-side barriers (ranked by frequency)
| Demand-side barriers | N | % | Supply-side barriers | N | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 26a | 51 | 28* | 49 | ||
| Multiple mentions | Provider-specific barriers | 22a | 78.6 | ||
| Clinical procedure discomfort | 6 | 23.1 | Provider lack of opportunities/time for training | 10 | 45.5 |
| Client lack of knowledge | 5 | 19.2 | Provider shortages/turnover | 9 | 41.0 |
| Client embarrassment in the clinical setting | 3 | 11.5 | Trained provider having technical deficiency | 6 | 27.3 |
| Cost to client | 3 | 11.5 | Trained provider lack of counseling knowledge (psychosocial/resource availability/policy and guidelines awareness) | 5 | 22.7 |
| Distance to the clinic | 2 | 7.7 | Trained provider not offering service/competing priorities | 3 | 13.6 |
| Clients having low priority for prevention | 2 | 7.7 | Trained provider having technical approach bias | 2 | 9.1 |
| Permission required from husband | 2 | 7.7 | |||
| Concern about no sexual intercourse after procedure | 2 | 7.7 | |||
| Single mention | System-specific barriers | 16a | 57.1 | ||
| Client concern about side effects | 1 | 3.8 | Cost to system | 9 | 56.3 |
| Screening is for promiscuous women | 1 | 3.8 | Lack of lab resources/malfunctioning equipment | 7 | 43.8 |
| Cervical Cancer is a curse | 1 | 3.8 | Facility distance to rural populations | 4 | 25.0 |
| Trust concerns with client-collected sample | 1 | 3.8 | Lack of supplies | 3 | 18.8 |
| Client concern about incorrect use of device | 1 | 3.8 | Lack of data-driven management | 3 | 18.8 |
| Challenges collecting sample in home environment | 1 | 3.8 | Lack of clinical space | 2 | 12.5 |
| Misperception that screening is not a primary concern or reason to visit the clinic (it is a secondary concern) | 1 | 3.8 | Lack of clinical supervision | 1 | 6.3 |
| Lack of immediate results | 1 | 3.8 | Ineffective referral systems/data management | 1 | 6.3 |
| Challenges with multiple visits or follow-up | 1 | 3.8 | Lack of policy/guidelines | 1 | 6.3 |
| Less acceptance in older women | 1 | 3.8 | Length of wait time/convenient appointment | 1 | 6.3 |
| Skepticism and Suspicion of the safety and efficacy of screening device, mainly among more educated women | 1 | 3.8 | Lack of electricity | 1 | 6.3 |
| Communication and language challenges | 1 | 3.8 | |||
| Cultural barriers to diseases of reproductive system | 1 | 3.8 | |||
| Lack of awareness of service availability | 1 | 3.8 | |||
aCategories are not mutually exclusive