Fig. 1.

Simulations of tissue morphogenesis caused by growth and constriction, showing its dependency on history of multicellular activities. a Top view and sectional view of the initial geometry of the sheet-like tissue. Volumetric growth occurs planar isotropically in the whole tissue. Constriction occurs planer isotropically in the red region. b, c Cross-sectional view of morphological changes when constriction occurred in the red region before growth (b) and after growth (c). The histories of change in the growth stretch θ and magnitude of constriction A [kPa] are shown on the left