Fig. 3.

Projections of the energy landscape to the D–θ plane and D–${\Psi }_{\text{pas}}^{\text{e}}$ plane. a The relationship between the deformation D and growth stretch $\theta$. ${\theta }_1$ and ${\theta }_2$ are the values at which tissue deformations qualitatively changed. The color map represents the magnitude of constriction A.b Typical changes in the strain energy ${\Psi }_{\text{pas}}^{\text{e}}$ and deformation D while the growth stretch takes a constant value $\theta =1.0,1.08,1.1,\text{and}1.2$. The arrows indicate the transition of the tissue state when the magnitude of constriction A increases and then releases