Table 3.

Degradation of commonly used antibiotics through bioaugmentation

Class	Antibiotic	Degradation by microorganism	Degradation (%)	Experimental condition	References
Fluoroquinolones	Ofloxacin and levofloxacin	Labrys portucalensis F11 and Rhodococcus sp. FP1	96	Degradation evaluated under dark aerobic conditions at 25 °C with and without acetate as an additional carbon source at an initial concentration of 5.9 mM	[63]
	Ciprofloxacin	Thermus sp.	59.23	The biodegradation experiments were performed at different temperature and pH and maximum degradation was observed at 70 °C and pH 6.5	[61]
Sulfonamides	Sulfamethazine	Microbacterium sp. C448	57	Bacterial strain was inoculated in soil containing antibiotic and incubated in the dark at 20 ± 1 °C, water tension of −15 kPa, and soil density of 1.3 g cm − 3, for 49 days	[68]
	Sulfamethoxazole	Consortium of Achromobacter denitrificans PR1 and Leucobacter sp. GP	100 transformation	Lab conditions: Culture medium with 4 mM ammonium sulfate, 7 mM succinate, 0.2 g/l yeast extract, 0.6 mM SMX and inoculated with consortium and incubated in the dark at 30 °C, continuously stirred at 120 rpm	[69]
	Trimethoprim	Bacillus subtillis	90	Bacillus subtillis inoculated in inorganic salt media containing 5 mg/L antibiotic and 5% yeast powder and incubated at 30 °C at 140 RPM	[70]
Penicillin	Penicillin G	Serratia sp. R1	84	The bacterial isolate was plated on the salt medium containing 10 mg L−1 Penicillin G antibiotic agar plates and incubated at 32 °C for 3–4 days	[19]
	Amoxicillin	Bacillus cereus, Enterobacterludwigii and Enterobacter sp.	75–99	Freshwater with antibiotic concentration 120 ppm incubated with strains at 28 °C with shaking at 100 rpm	[71]
Cephalosporin	Ceftriaxone sodium	Achromobacter xylosoxidans	100 transformation	50 ml bottle volume ratio 0.39 and 7.973 g Ceftx/L modified tryptic soy broth for 39 h under aerobic static conditions at 30  °C	[72]
	Cefuroxime	Bacillus clausii T and Bacillus clausii O/C	100	Sterile medium contained basal salts, glucose with added antibiotic and inoculum at 220 rpm and 37 °C in the dark under aerobic conditions	[73]
Tetracycline	Tetracycline	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia DT1	100	Strain DT1 inoculated in LB medium containing 20 mg/L tetracycline and incubated at 30 °C with pH 9 on a shaker set at 150 rpm	[62]
Macrolides	Erythromycin	Ochrobactrum sp.	97	Marine mineral culture medium containing antibiotic 100 mg/L as carbon source, pH 6.5 and temperature 32 °C	[74]
	Azithromycin	Macrolide acclimated sludge micro-organism	99	Azithromycin as carbon source and NH4Cl as nitrogen source inoculated acclimatized consortia incubated at 28 °C on a rotary shaker at 180 rpm for 12 days	[75]