FIGURE 11.

Modification of OMVs. A number of strategies have been employed to functionalize bacterial MVs both at the surface and within the lumen. MVs can be passively loaded through periplasmic localization of recombinant proteins (green) or through other anchoring mechanisms that can position recombinant proteins both internally or externally (blue). Peptides and proteins have been anchored to the surface for targeting and purification (pink sphere) while protein scaffolds have been used to assemble enzyme cascades.