Table 1.
Clinical characteristics, number and components of antihypertensive therapy, and patterns of blood pressure in participants according to the composite outcome
| Characteristic | Total (n = 387) | ESRD or death (n = 66) | Non-ESRD or non-death (n = 321) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 61 (52-69) | 62 (52-68) | 61 (51-69) | 0.838 |
| Sex, male | 226 (58.4) | 44 (66.7) | 182 (56.7) | 0.135 |
| Duration of CKD (mo) | 68 (17-84) | 36 (13-66) | 48 (17-91) | 0.155 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 139 (35.9) | 45 (68.2) | 96 (29.9) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.7 (22.5-27.1) | 24.7 (22.6-26.6) | 24.8 (22.5-27.2) | 0.599 |
| Cause of CKD | < 0.001 | |||
| Diabetic kidney disease | 139 (35.9) | 45 (68.2) | 96 (29.9) | |
| Glomerulonephritis | 104 (26.9) | 8 (12.1) | 99 (30.8) | |
| Hypertensive kidney disease | 74 (19.1) | 7 (10.6) | 73 (22.7) | |
| Cystic kidney disease | 8 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 9 (2.8) | |
| Tubulointerstitial disease | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | |
| Others | 47 (12.1) | 6 (9.1) | 43 (13.4) | |
| CKD stage | < 0.001 | |||
| Stage 1 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Stage 2 | 95 (24.5) | 3 (4.5) | 92 (28.7) | |
| Stage 3A | 79 (20.4) | 2 (3.0) | 77 (24.0) | |
| Stage 3B | 93 (24.0) | 11 (16.7) | 82 (25.5) | |
| Stage 4 | 120 (31.0) | 50 (75.8) | 70 (21.8) | |
| Stage 5 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Number of hypertension medications | 2 (1-3) | 2 (2-3) | 2 (1-3) | < 0.001 |
| Use of ACEi/ARB | 294 (76.0) | 43 (65.2) | 251 (78.2) | 0.024 |
| Use of BB | 123 (31.8) | 29 (43.9) | 94 (29.3) | 0.020 |
| Use of CCB | 240 (62.0) | 47 (71.2) | 193 (60.1) | 0.091 |
| Use of diuretics | 84 (21.7) | 27 (40.9) | 57 (17.8) | < 0.001 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 (4.0-4.4) | 3.9 (3.5-4.2) | 4.2 (4.0-4.4) | < 0.001 |
| Serum BUN (mg/dL) | 24 (18-33) | 37 (32-44) | 23 (17-28) | < 0.001 |
| Serum Cr (mg/dL) | 1.6 (1.2-2.2) | 2.6 (2.0-3.2) | 1.5 (1.1-1.9) | < 0.001 |
| Serum GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 41.7 (28.0-62.1) | 22.7 (18.8-31.5) | 47.0 (33.5-65.5) | < 0.001 |
| Serum Hb (g/dL) | 12.8 (11.3-14.3) | 11.4 (10.1-12.6) | 13.1 (11.6-14.5) | < 0.001 |
| Serum HbA1c (%) | 6.6 (5.8-7.5) | 7.4 (6.6-8.2) | 6.4 (5.7-7.2) | < 0.001 |
| Serum total-C (mg/dL) | 163 (141-191) | 159 (139-183) | 164 (141-192) | 0.576 |
| Serum Ca × P (mg2/dL2) | 32.8 (29.1-36.3) | 34.0 (29.6-39.7) | 32.8 (28.8-35.8) | 0.021 |
| Serum TG (mg/dL) | 133 (98-180) | 142 (92-203) | 132 (98-178) | 0.201 |
| Urine protein-creatinine ratio (g/g creatinine) | 0.7 (0.3-1.8) | 2.8 (1.0-5.4) | 0.6 (0.2-1.4) | < 0.001 |
| BP pattern | 0.010 | |||
| Normotensive | 35 (9.0) | 2 (3.0) | 33 (10.3) | |
| Persistent hypertension | 249 (64.3) | 52 (78.8) | 197 (61.4) | |
| Whitecoat hypertension | 33 (8.5) | 2 (3.0) | 31 (9.7) | |
| Masked hypertension | 70 (18.1) | 10 (15.2) | 60 (18.7) | |
| Daytime-nighttime BP ratio | 0.621 | |||
| Extreme dipper or dipper | 169 (43.7) | 27 (40.9) | 142 (44.2) | |
| Non-dipper or reverse dipper | 218 (56.3) | 39 (59.1) | 172 (53.6) | |
Data are presented as number (%) or median (range).
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BB, beta blocker; BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Ca × P, product of calcium and phosphorous; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Cr, creatinine; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TG, triglycerides; total-C, total cholesterol.