Table 1.
General characteristics of all subjects according to study groups.
| Variables | Control group (n = 70) | Central obesity group (n = 84) | MetS group (n = 151) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric parameters | ||||
| Age (year) | 47.81 ± 8.56 | 47.56 ± 10.36 | 49.51 ± 9.04 | 0.227 |
| Gender | 0.109 | |||
| Male | 37/70 (52.86%) | 33/84 (39.29%) | 58/151 (38.41%) | |
| Female | 33/70 (47.14%) | 51/84 (60.71%) | 93/151 (61.59%) | |
| Body weight (kg) | 53.42 ± 8.64 | 66.63 ± 8.68a | 68.43 ± 10.35a | <0.001 |
| Body height (m) | 157.75 ± 8.13 | 157.89 ± 8.73 | 157.90 ± 9.41 | 0.992 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.40 ± 2.65 | 26.66 ± 2.28a | 27.33 ± 2.64a | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | ||||
| Male | 73.82 ± 8.46 | 94.18 ± 3.30a | 95.55 ± 4.17a | <0.001 |
| Female | 70.92 ± 6.68 | 86.19 ± 5.54ac | 88.61 ± 7.15abc | <0.001 |
| HC (cm) | ||||
| Male | 83.65 ± 5.24 | 94.62 ± 4.07a | 94.75 ± 3.29a | <0.001 |
| Female | 83.85 ± 5.67 | 91.56 ± 4.30ac | 91.78 ± 5.81ac | <0.001 |
| WHR | ||||
| Male | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 1.00 ± 0.04a | 1.01 ± 0.04a | <0.001 |
| Female | 0.85 ± 0.06c | 0.94 ± 0.06ac | 0.97 ± 0.05abc | <0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 12.60 ± 4.87 | 21.95 ± 3.63a | 23.33 ± 4.65ab | <0.001 |
| Lean muscle mass (kg) | 38.65 ± 7.00 | 42.24 ± 8.29a | 42.63 ± 8.96a | 0.004 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 30.55 ± 9.33 | 31.11 ± 8.91 | 30.88 ± 9.40 | 0.933 |
| Fat-to-muscle ratio | 0.34 ± 0.15 | 0.54 ± 0.15a | 0.57 ± 0.16a | <0.001 |
| Body fat rate (%) | 23.41 ± 8.00 | 33.35 ± 5.98a | 34.43 ± 6.17a | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 115.01 ± 8.75 | 126.95 ± 16.57a | 140.68 ± 18.23ab | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 69.76 ± 7.87 | 77.51 ± 9.83a | 86.23 ± 10.91ab | <0.001 |
| Metabolic parameters | ||||
| TP (g/L) | 69.33 ± 5.65 | 70.50 ± 6.37 | 70.77 ± 6.73 | 0.289 |
| ALB (g/L) | 39.19 ± 3.99 | 40.38 ± 3.88 | 40.68 ± 4.29a | 0.041 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.77 ± 0.87 | 5.01 ± 0.88 | 5.31 ± 1.18ab | 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.96 ± 0.31 | 1.40 ± 0.77a | 3.08 ± 1.98ab | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.62 ± 0.28 | 1.46 ± 0.27a | 1.23 ± 0.24ab | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.69 ± 0.73 | 3.02 ± 0.73a | 3.07 ± 0.79a | 0.002 |
| GGT (U/L) | 18.63 ± 15.34 | 35.33 ± 46.06a | 55.29 ± 78.91ab | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 21.77 ± 6.97 | 24.36 ± 7.56 | 27.33 ± 12.62a | 0.001 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 4.75 ± 0.40 | 4.94 ± 0.56a | 5.57 ± 1.16ab | <0.001 |
| FINS (mU/L)* | 5.41 ± 2.67 | 9.99 ± 5.95a | 11.71 ± 6.63a | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.15 ± 0.58 | 2.23 ± 1.53a | 3.03 ± 2.36ab | <0.001 |
| Cr (μmol/L) | 71.96 ± 13.92 | 71.63 ± 15.06 | 72.02 ± 15.73 | 0.982 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 279.09 ± 84.74 | 304.39 ± 89.15 | 342.62 ± 88.86ab | <0.001 |
| ALP (U/L) | 69.83 ± 21.56 | 68.25 ± 22.12 | 75.89 ± 23.20b | 0.026 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 5.06 ± 1.43 | 4.68 ± 1.22 | 4.85 ± 1.32 | 0.203 |
| Personal information | ||||
| Hypertension (%) | 0 | 7/83 (8.43%) | 34/151 (22.52%)a | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 0 | 1/83 (1.20%) | 9/151 (5.96%)a | 0.031 |
| Smoking (%) | 28/69 (40.58%) | 22/83 (26.51%) | 38/151 (25.17%) | 0.055 |
| Drinking (%) | 21/70 (30.00%) | 31/83 (37.35%) | 56/151 (37.09%) | 0.545 |
| Birth place | 0.300 | |||
| Cities | 18/70 (25.71%) | 29/83 (34.94%) | 54/150 (36.00%) | |
| Villages | 52/70 (74.29%) | 54/83 (65.06%) | 96/150 (64.00%) | |
| Current address | 0.029 | |||
| Cities | 33/70 (47.14%) | 49/83 (59.04%) | 99/150 (66.00%)a | |
| Villages | 37/70 (52.86%) | 34/83 (40.96%) | 51/150 (34.00%) | |
| Education level | 0.081 | |||
| Junior high school or below | 47/69 (68.12%) | 46/83 (55.42%) | 105/151 (69.54%) | |
| High school or above | 22/69 (31.88%) | 37/83 (44.58%) | 46/151 (30.46%) | |
| Manual labor | 0.006 | |||
| Mild | 36/70 (51.43%) | 64/83 (77.11%)a | 101/151 (66.89%) | |
| Moderate | 15/70 (21.43%) | 8/83 (9.64%)a | 18/151 (11.92%) | |
| Heavy | 19/70 (27.14%) | 11/83 (13.25%)a | 32/151 (21.92%) | |
| Exercise frequency (day/week) | 0.301 | |||
| 0 | 48/69 (69.57%) | 49/83 (59.04%) | 91/149 (61.07%) | |
| Monthly <3 | 2/69 (2.90%) | 2/83 (2.41%) | 10/149 (6.71%) | |
| 1–2 | 4/69 (5.80%) | 5/83 (6.02%) | 8/149 (5.37%) | |
| 3–4 | 7/69 (10.14%) | 10/83 (12.05%) | 13/149 (8.72%) | |
| 5–7 | 8/69 (11.59%) | 17/83 (20.48%) | 27/149 (18.12%) | |
| Adipokine levels | ||||
| ZAG (μg/mL)* | 8.78 ± 1.66 | 8.37 ± 1.52a | 7.98 ± 0.94ab | <0.001 |
| ZAG/fat mass (μg/mL/kg) | 0.85 ± 0.53 | 0.39 ± 0.10a | 0.36 ± 0.08ab | <0.001 |
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± SD. Categorial variables were expressed as n (%). BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; AST, aspartate transaminase; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin resistance; Cr, creatinine; UA, uric acid; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; Urea, urea nitrogen; ZAG, zinc-a2-glycoprotein; MetS, metabolic syndrome. The P-value column was the result of comparison among the three groups.
P < 0.05 compared with the control group;
P < 0.05 compared with the central obesity group;
P < 0.05 compared with males in corresponding group. Bold font indicated P < 0.05.
Variables were ln-transformed before analysis.