Table 3.
The association between household, socio-demographic characteristics of antibiotic users and inappropriate antibiotic use.
| Antibiotic use episodes n (%) N = 761 | Univariate mixed effects logistic regression Odds Ratio (90% CI) | P-Value | Multivariate mixed effects logistic regression Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appropriate (N = 102) | Inappropriate (N = 659) | ||||||
| HOUSEHOLD AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ANTIBIOTIC USERS | |||||||
| Socioeconomic status | |||||||
| Low | 51 (10.69) | 426 (89.3) | Reference group (REF) | REF | |||
| High | 47 (17.87) | 261 (82.1) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.014 | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.094 | |
| Place of residence | |||||||
| Live in rural community | 56 (11.2) | 443 (88.8) | REF | REF | |||
| Live in urban community | 46 (17.6) | 216 (82.4) | 0.6 (0.3–0.9) | 0.027 | 0.7 (0.4–1.6) | 0.220 | |
| Age | |||||||
| 20 and below | 21 (12.7) | 144 (87.3) | REF | ||||
| 21–40 | 37 (14.3) | 222 (85.7) | 0.9 (1.4–1.7) | 0.644 | |||
| 41–60 | 32 (13.9) | 198 (86.1) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0.737 | |||
| 60 and above | 12 (11.2) | 95 (88.8) | 1.1 (0.5–2.7) | 0.782 | |||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 35 (12.5) | 245 (87.5) | REF | ||||
| Female | 67 (13.9) | 414 (86.1) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 0.616 | |||
| Educational level | |||||||
| None | 27 (9.6) | 256 (90.4) | REF | ||||
| Primary school | 19 (10.8) | 157 (89.2) | 0.9 (0.4–1.7) | 0.666 | |||
| Middle/Junior high school | 22 (15.8) | 116 (84.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.075 | |||
| Senior high school+ | 34 (20.7) | 130 (79.3) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.001 | |||
| Occupation | |||||||
| Employed | 66 (12.7) | 455 (87.3) | REF | ||||
| Unemployed | 36 (15.0) | 204 (85.0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.417 | |||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 52 (12.6) | 360 (87.4) | REF | ||||
| Not married | 50 (14.4) | 299 (85.7) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.520 | |||
| HEALTHCARE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIBIOTIC USERS | |||||||
| How the costs for healthcare is covered | |||||||
| National health insurance | Yes | 96 (15.1) | 541 (84.9) | REF | REF | ||
| No | 6 (4.8) | 118 (95.2) | 4.1 (1.5–11.0) | 0.006 | 2.9 (1.1–7.4) | 0.026 | |
| Types of drug supplier respondents attend | |||||||
| District hospital | Yes | 79 (13.4) | 511 (86.6) | REF | |||
| No | 23 (13.4) | 148 (86.6) | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) | 0.993 | |||
| Health center | Yes | 20 (38.3) | 73 (78.5) | REF | REF | ||
| No | 82 (21.3) | 586 (87.7) | 2.3 (1.1–4.7) | 0.028 | 2.4 (1.2–5.0) | 0.018 | |
| Community-based Health Planning and Services | Yes | 5 (9.4) | 48 (90.6) | REF | |||
| No | 97 (13.7) | 611 (86.3) | 0.6 (0.2–1.9) | 0.414 | |||
| Private Clinic | Yes | 29 (14.7) | 169 (85.4) | REF | |||
| No | 73 (13.0) | 490 (87.0) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 0.529 | |||
| Pharmacy | Yes | 10 (35.7) | 18 (64.3) | REF | REF | ||
| No | 92 (12.6) | 641 (87.5) | 4.6 (1.6–13.2) | 0.005 | 4.6 (1.7–13.0) | 0.003 | |
| Licensed Chemical Sellers | Yes | 58 (12.3) | 414 (87.7) | REF | |||
| No | 44 (15.2) | 245 (84.8) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.270 | |||
| Drug peddlers | Yes | 8 (6.1) | 123 (93.9) | REF | REF | ||
| No | 94 (14.9) | 536 (85.1) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | 0.013 | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 0.073 | |